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Carbohydrate loading
Carbohydrate loading (glycogen supercompensation): pre-event strategy of 8–12 g carbohydrate/kg/day for 24–48 hours plus a training taper to boost muscle glycogen before endurance events over 90 minutes; unrelated to brief sprints or shorter races.
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin measurement
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) measurement is a blood test detecting chronic heavy alcohol consumption, rising after roughly 40–60 g ethanol daily and normalizing within weeks of abstinence.
Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity test
The carbon monoxide diffusing capacity test (DLCO), also called the transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO), is a pulmonary function test measuring how efficiently the lungs transfer inhaled carbon monoxide into the blood.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning: illness from inhaled CO, an odorless combustion gas that binds hemoglobin 240-250 times more strongly than oxygen. Key facts: COHb thresholds, 100% oxygen treatment, contested hyperbaric oxygen evidence, prevention.
Carbon nanotube drug delivery
Carbon nanotube drug delivery uses functionalized carbon nanotubes as carriers for drugs, genes, and imaging agents, with cancer therapy the most heavily studied application, though clinical use remains limited.
Carboplatin
Carboplatin (CBDCA, JM-8, Paraplatin) is a second-generation platinum chemotherapy drug that cross-links DNA; less toxic than cisplatin, dosed by the Calvert formula, standard of care with taxanes in ovarian cancer.
Carboplatin and gemcitabine regimen
The carboplatin and gemcitabine regimen, or Carboplatin-Gemcitabine, is a doublet chemotherapy pairing carboplatin with gemcitabine, standard for recurrent ovarian cancer and advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Carboplatin and paclitaxel regimen
The carboplatin and paclitaxel regimen, abbreviated TC or Carbo-Tax, is a two-drug intravenous chemotherapy combination treating solid tumors, most prominently non-small cell lung and ovarian cancer.
Carboplatin and pemetrexed regimen
The carboplatin and pemetrexed regimen is a doublet chemotherapy combination, given on day 1 of a 21-day cycle, used mainly as first-line treatment of advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Carboplatin and trastuzumab regimen
The carboplatin and trastuzumab regimen pairs the platinum chemotherapy carboplatin with the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab, usually with a taxane, and is used mainly in HER2-positive breast cancer.
Carboplatin and vincristine regimen
The carboplatin and vincristine regimen (CV) is a two-drug combination chemotherapy used mainly as frontline treatment for progressive or symptomatic pediatric low-grade glioma, except BRAF V600E-mutated tumors.
Carboplatin, paclitaxel, and nivolumab regimen
The carboplatin, paclitaxel, and nivolumab regimen combines two chemotherapy drugs with the checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab, given intravenously, and is best established as neoadjuvant treatment of resectable non-small cell lung cancer.
Carboprost methylate
Carboprost methylate (卡前列甲酯, PG05, Kayun) is a Chinese prostaglandin F2α-derivative vaginal suppository for early pregnancy termination with mifepristone and for postpartum hemorrhage; class-1 new drug approved 1987.
Carboxyhemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide, which binds about 240 times more strongly than oxygen. Normal under 3% in nonsmokers, under 10% in smokers; measured by CO-oximetry, not standard pulse oximetry.
Carboxytherapy
Carboxytherapy, also called carbon dioxide therapy, is a minimally invasive procedure injecting medical-grade CO2 into the skin to improve oxygenation and treat skin aging, cellulite, stretch marks, and dark circles.
Carbuncle
Carbuncle: a deep staphylococcal skin infection of adjacent hair follicles forming a cluster of interconnected boils (furuncles), typically on the neck or back, treated by incision and drainage.
Carcinoembryonic antigen
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a glycoprotein tumor marker discovered by Gold and Freedman in 1965 at McGill, is used mainly to monitor colorectal cancer treatment and recurrence, not for screening.
Carcinogen
Carcinogen: any agent (chemical, radiation, virus, or exposure) that can cause cancer. Classified by IARC Groups 1–3 (135 Group 1 agents), NTP, and EPA; hazard classification differs from risk level.
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis: the multistage process by which normal cells become malignant through accumulated genetic and epigenetic changes. Covers initiation-promotion-progression, driver mutation counts, mutational signatures, DNA repair defects, and carcinogens.
Carcinoid
Carcinoid, coined by Oberndorfer in 1907, is the older name for a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the GI tract or lung; WHO 2000 replaced it with NET/NEC; carcinoid syndrome occurs with liver metastases.
Carcinoid syndrome
Carcinoid syndrome is a group of symptoms caused when gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors release serotonin and other substances, typically after the tumor has spread to the liver.
Carcinoma
Carcinoma: cancer arising from epithelial cells lining skin and internal organs; the most common cancer type (80-90% of cases). Subtypes include adenocarcinoma, squamous, basal cell, and transitional cell carcinoma; distinct from sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma.
Carcinoma in situ
Carcinoma in situ, also known as in situ neoplasm, is a stage 0 condition in which cells that look like cancer remain confined to the tissue where they formed.
Carcinoma in situ of bladder
Bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS, stage 0is/Tis): flat, always high-grade, noninvasive urothelial cancer of the bladder lining; primary, concomitant, or secondary; ~54% progress untreated; treated with BCG or cystectomy.
Carcinoma in situ of breast
Carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS, LCIS; stage 0 breast cancer, intraductal carcinoma): noninvasive lesions confined to breast ducts or lobules; 15–25% of diagnoses, over 98% five-year survival, central overdiagnosis and active surveillance debate.
Carcinoma in situ of colon
Carcinoma in situ of the colon, also called intramucosal carcinoma or stage 0 (Tis N0 M0) colorectal cancer, is abnormal cancer-appearing cells confined to the colonic mucosa, with no metastatic risk and definitive treatment by endoscopic resection.
Carcinoma in situ of endometrium
Carcinoma in situ of endometrium (ICD-11 2E67.0, ICD-10-CM D07.0): abnormal cancer-like cells confined to the uterine lining without invasion; covers the legacy term for endometrial precancer (AH/EIN) and serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma.
Carcinoma in situ of larynx
Carcinoma in situ of the larynx (ICD-10 D02.0, stage 0 laryngeal cancer) is non-invasive malignant-appearing epithelium of the voice box, grouped with severe dysplasia, treated by laser endoscopic excision or radiotherapy with surveillance.
Carcinoma in situ of penis
Carcinoma in situ of the penis, also called penile intraepithelial neoplasia grade III, erythroplasia of Queyrat (glans), or Bowen's disease (shaft), is a noninvasive full-thickness squamous atypia, HPV-related, with up to 30% untreated progression risk.
Carcinoma in situ of rectum
Carcinoma in situ of the rectum is stage 0 rectal cancer in which abnormal cells remain in the rectum's innermost lining, with almost no risk of spread.