Human health and medicine

Carcinoma in situ of skin

Carcinoma in situ of skin, also called Bowen disease or intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma (ICD-11 2E64), is full-thickness epidermal dysplasia without dermal invasion, mainly UV-, HPV-, and immunosuppression-driven, with 3–5% progression risk to invasive SCC and surgical excision as the most effective treatment.

Carcinoma in situ of stomach

Carcinoma in situ of stomach, also called stage 0 gastric cancer or Tis, is non-invasive high-grade dysplasia of the gastric mucosa (ICD-11 2E60.2), managed by endoscopic resection and discouraged as a term by WHO.

Carcinoma in situ of the conjunctiva

Carcinoma in situ of the conjunctiva (conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in situ, CIN III/CIS, ICD-11 2E6A.0) is a preinvasive, full-thickness conjunctival epithelial dysplasia with intact basement membrane, treated by excision with cryotherapy or topical chemotherapy.

Carcinoma in situ of the cornea

Carcinoma in situ of the cornea (ICD-11 2E6A.1) is a preinvasive ocular surface squamous neoplasia stage: full-thickness corneal epithelial atypia with intact basement membrane, caused mainly by UV-B, treated by excision or topical chemotherapy.

Carcinoma in situ of trachea

Carcinoma in situ of trachea (ICD-10-CM D02.1) is preinvasive squamous cancer confined to the tracheal lining, detected mainly by advanced bronchoscopy, treatable bronchoscopically, and sometimes regressing.

Carcinoma in situ of vagina

Carcinoma in situ of vagina, also called VaIN 3 or vaginal HSIL, is a full-thickness noninvasive HPV-associated precancerous vaginal lesion, rare (0.2–2 per 100,000 women yearly), treated by laser, excision, brachytherapy, or topical agents.

Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater

Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (ampullary cancer, ampullary carcinoma): rare cancer at the bile-pancreatic duct junction in the duodenum; presents with painless jaundice; treated mainly by Whipple procedure; intestinal subtype fares better than pancreatobiliary.

Carcinomas of ovary

Carcinomas of ovary (ICD-11 2C73.0), malignant epithelial ovarian tumors grouped with fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer; five WHO histotypes, high-grade serous most common, treated with surgery and platinum-taxane chemotherapy.

Carcinosarcoma of the cervix uteri

Carcinosarcoma of the cervix uteri, or cervical carcinosarcoma, is a rare, aggressive cervical cancer with both carcinomatous and sarcomatous components, accounting for less than 1% of cervical cancers.

Carcinosarcoma of the corpus uteri

Uterine carcinosarcoma, formerly malignant mixed Müllerian tumor (MMMT), is a rare aggressive biphasic uterine cancer with malignant epithelial and sarcoma components, TP53-mutated, treated by surgical staging plus carboplatin-paclitaxel chemotherapy, with poor survival.

CARDIA study

CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults), NCT00005130, is an NHLBI-funded prospective cohort of 5,115 Black and White adults aged 18-30 recruited 1985-1986 in four US cities, followed over 35 years for cardiovascular risk factor development.

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), also called transplant coronary artery disease, is accelerated diffuse coronary disease of the transplanted heart; it affects about 8% of recipients at 1 year and 47% at 10 years and is a leading cause of late graft failure.

Cardiac amyloidosis

Cardiac amyloidosis: infiltrative cardiomyopathy from misfolded protein deposits, mainly AL (light chain) and ATTR (transthyretin, wild-type or hereditary) types. Diagnosed by monoclonal protein screen plus bone scintigraphy; treated with chemotherapy for AL and TTR stabilizers or silencers for ATTR.

Sep 29, 2026

Cardiac angiography

Cardiac angiography is an invasive imaging method in which contrast dye is injected into the heart's chambers or coronary arteries and X-ray fluoroscopy records the anatomy in motion.

Cardiac anomalies-short stature-joint hypermobility-facial dysmorphism syndrome

Cardiac anomalies-short stature-joint hypermobility-facial dysmorphism syndrome, also called TAB2-related syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder caused by loss of one working copy of the TAB2 gene, featuring heart defects, short stature, and joint hypermobility.

Cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest: abrupt loss of heart function from an electrical malfunction, distinct from a heart attack; about 350,000 U.S. out-of-hospital cases yearly, roughly 10.5% survival, treated with CPR and defibrillation.

Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial

Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST): NHLBI placebo-controlled trial of encainide, flecainide, and moricizine for post-MI ventricular ectopy; drugs suppressed PVCs but increased mortality, halting the trial in 1989 and 1991.

Cardiac arrhythmias in the neonate

Cardiac arrhythmias in the neonate (ICD-11 KB41) are rhythm disturbances in the first 28 days of life, occurring in 1%–5% of newborns; mostly benign, with SVT the main pathological tachycardia.

Cardiac catheterization

Cardiac catheterization (heart cath) is an invasive procedure threading a catheter from the arm, groin, or neck to the heart to measure pressures, image coronary arteries, and deliver treatments like angioplasty; over 1 million are done yearly in the US, and its pioneers won the 1956 Nobel Prize.

Cardiac Catheters

Cardiac catheters are thin flexible tubes passed through arm, groin, or neck vessels into the heart to measure pressures, image coronary arteries, and deliver stents, valves, or ablation; types include right-heart venous balloon-tipped and left-heart arterial catheters, first used by Forssmann in 1929.

Sep 29, 2026

Cardiac computed tomography

Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) uses X-ray CT to visualize the heart and coronary arteries, most commonly as coronary CT angiography to rule out obstructive coronary artery disease.

Cardiac conduction

Cardiac conduction is the heart's electrical conduction system: sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, His bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, which initiate and coordinate roughly 3 billion heartbeats over a lifetime.

Cardiac conduction system

Cardiac conduction system: the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers that initiate and spread the heartbeat; discovered in reverse order (Purkinje 1839 to sinus node 1907) and now targeted by conduction system pacing.

Cardiac contractility modulation

Cardiac contractility modulation (CCM), Optimizer Smart device, is a heart failure device therapy delivering non-excitatory high-voltage impulses during the cardiac refractory period to improve contractility in symptomatic HFrEF patients with narrow QRS ineligible for CRT.

Cardiac cycle

Cardiac cycle: the sequence of atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation from one heartbeat to the next, divided by valve events into systole and diastole, with phases, pressures, volumes, ECG timing, heart sounds, and the Wiggers diagram.

Cardiac diverticulum

A cardiac diverticulum is a rare congenital outpouching from a heart chamber, most often the left ventricle, that contains all wall layers and contracts synchronously.

Cardiac Electrophysiologic Techniques

Cardiac electrophysiologic techniques trigger and record the heart's electrical activity at specific sites to diagnose and treat rhythm disorders, using electrode catheters for pacing, programmed stimulation, and mapping before ablation.

Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling

Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling (EC coupling) links cardiomyocyte depolarization to contraction via calcium-induced calcium release: L-type Ca²⁺ entry triggers RyR2 SR release at dyads, then SERCA2a and NCX remove Ca²⁺ for relaxation.

Cardiac glycoside

Cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin, ouabain) are Na+/K+-ATPase-inhibiting steroids from foxglove, oleander, and toads that raise cardiac contractility; used for atrial fibrillation rate control and HFrEF symptoms, with narrow therapeutic index and mortality-neutral randomized evidence.