25,729 articles
Cardio-obstetrics
Cardio-obstetrics is an interdisciplinary field managing cardiovascular disease in women from preconception through postpartum. It addresses this vital need given CVD accounts for over 33% of US pregnancy-related deaths.
Cardio-oncology
Cardio-oncology is a cardiology subspecialty devoted to the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cardiovascular disease caused by cancer treatment, weighing each therapy's cardiac toxicity against its oncological benefit.
Cardioembolic stroke
Cardioembolic stroke is an ischemic stroke caused by a clot that forms in or passes through the heart and blocks a cerebral artery, most often from atrial fibrillation.
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC syndrome) is a rare genetic disorder of the RAS/MAPK pathway affecting the heart, face, and skin, with usually moderate to severe developmental delay.
Cardiogenetic evaluation and cascade screening for inherited arrhythmias
Cardiogenetic evaluation is the structured clinical and genetic assessment of a person with a suspected inherited arrhythmia, followed by cascade testing of relatives once a pathogenic variant is confirmed.
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock is life-threatening end-organ hypoperfusion from primary cardiac dysfunction, staged A-E by the SCAI classification. Incidence 3-10% of AMI, mortality 40-50%; culprit-vessel revascularization improves survival, while IABP and routine VA-ECMO do not.
Cardiologists
Cardiologists, heart and blood vessel specialist physicians (cardiovascular disease specialists), diagnose and treat heart disease using ECG, echocardiography, and angiography; U.S. hospital employment rose from 26% to 63% between 2008 and 2019.
Cardiologists by nationality
Cardiologists by nationality examines how eminence in cardiovascular medicine clusters by country, from the specialty's founding in 1895–1905 through national schools, Nobel recognition, and today's workforce density.
Cardiology
Cardiology: medical specialty of the heart and vascular system, covering coronary disease, arrhythmias, heart failure, congenital defects, and prevention. Key facts: Einthoven's 1902 ECG, Forssmann's 1929 catheterization, 46.3% of U.S. counties lacking cardiologists.
Cardiology in Review
Cardiology in Review (Cardiol Rev) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed cardiology review journal founded in 1993 by Williams & Wilkins, now online-only under Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; ISSN 1061-5377, PubMed-indexed since 1999, Q2 impact factor.
Cardiology subspecialties
Cardiology subspecialties are formally defined divisions of cardiovascular medicine in which physicians train beyond general cardiology, including interventional cardiology, electrophysiology, and advanced heart failure, often with separate board certification.
Cardiomegaly
Cardiomegaly, an enlarged heart, is defined as a cardiothoracic ratio of 50% or more on a PA chest radiograph or CT. It signals underlying causes such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy, but the CTR cutpoint has limited accuracy versus cardiac MRI.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy, heart muscle disease, includes dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic, takotsubo, and peripartum types; causes heart failure and arrhythmias; diagnosed mainly by echocardiography.
Cardiomyoplasty
Cardiomyoplasty (dynamic cardiomyoplasty): surgery wrapping stimulated latissimus dorsi muscle around the failing heart, first performed 1985 in Paris by Carpentier and Chachques; improved symptoms but was abandoned for inconsistent hemodynamic benefit.
Cardioplegia
Cardioplegia: drug-induced, reversible cardiac arrest during cardiac surgery using high-potassium solutions (St. Thomas, blood 4:1, del Nido, HTK), delivered ante- or retrograde for myocardial protection.
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Cardiopulmonary bypass, also known as artificial perfusion or the heart-lung machine, temporarily takes over the work of a patient's heart and lungs during open-heart surgery.
Cardiopulmonary exercise test
The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) measures oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, ventilation, ECG, and blood pressure during exercise, and is the gold standard for evaluating causes of exercise intolerance.
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET, also written CPX) is a non-invasive test that measures breath by breath how the cardiovascular, ventilatory, and gas-exchange systems respond to exercise.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure of chest compressions plus rescue breaths for cardiac arrest, created in 1960 by Kouwenhoven, Safar, and Jude; adults get 100–120 compressions/min at 5–6 cm depth, 30:2 ratio, or Hands-Only CPR.
Cardiorenal syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), also called cardio-renal syndrome, is bidirectional heart-kidney dysfunction classified by Ronco et al. (2008) into five subtypes; key evidence includes the ADHERE registry and the CARRESS-HF ultrafiltration trial.
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), measured as VO2max via CPET, quantifies the body's oxygen-delivery capacity during exercise; each 1-MET higher CRF cuts mortality risk about 14%, making it an AHA-recommended clinical vital sign.
Cardiospondylocarpofacial syndrome
Cardiospondylocarpofacial syndrome (CSCFS, Forney syndrome, OMIM 157800) is an ultrarare autosomal dominant disorder from MAP3K7 loss-of-function variants, causing growth retardation, carpal-tarsal and cervical vertebral fusion, heart defects, and deafness.
Cardiothoracic surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery, also called thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, operates on the heart, great vessels, lungs, esophagus, and thymus. Divided into adult cardiac, thoracic, and congenital surgery; defined by cardiopulmonary bypass, CABG, and TAVR-era practice.
Cardiotocography
Cardiotocography (CTG), known in the United States as electronic fetal monitoring, records fetal heart rate and uterine contractions non-invasively to assess fetal well-being during labor.
Cardiotoxicity
Cardiotoxicity, or cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD), is heart injury from chemotherapy, targeted agents, immune therapies, or radiation. Key facts: anthracycline dose-response, type I vs type II, LVEF/GLS/troponin monitoring, dexrazoxane prevention.
Cardiovascular computed tomography
Cardiovascular computed tomography uses ECG-synchronized X-ray CT to image the heart and coronary arteries; its main form, coronary CT angiography, is a first-line test for chest pain.
Cardiovascular Diagnostic Techniques
Cardiovascular diagnostic techniques (cardiac diagnostic tests): ECG, echocardiography, cardiac CT/MRI, nuclear imaging, stress testing, and catheterization used to diagnose heart and vessel disease, from Einthoven's 1902 electrocardiograph to CCTA and AI-based analysis.
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease, or heart and blood vessel disorders including coronary heart disease and stroke, is the leading global cause of death, killing about 19.8 million people in 2022, roughly 32% of all deaths.
Cardiovascular disease in China
Cardiovascular disease in China: the leading cause of death, causing about 2 in 5 deaths (48.98% rural, 47.35% urban, 2021), with 135.8 million prevalent cases in 2023 and a 190.7/100,000 mortality target for 2030.
Cardiovascular disease in women
Cardiovascular disease in women covers heart and blood vessel disorders in female patients, the leading cause of death among US women, with sex-specific risk factors like pregnancy complications and premature menopause.