25,729 articles
Cardiovascular drift
Cardiovascular drift, or cardiac drift, is the progressive rise in heart rate and fall in stroke volume during prolonged constant-rate exercise, amplified by heat and dehydration, reduced in trained athletes, and relevant to heart-rate-based training zones.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a noninvasive imaging technique that measures cardiac chamber volumes, wall motion, and myocardial fibrosis or edema without ionizing radiation or iodinated contrast.
Cardiovascular pain
Cardiovascular pain (ICD-11 MC84): pain from the heart and vessels, chiefly angina and ischemic cardiac pain, with referred chest, arm, neck, and jaw pain, distinguished from noncardiac chest pain.
Cardiovascular physiology
Cardiovascular physiology: how the heart and circulation move blood. Covers cardiac output (HR × SV), preload, afterload, contractility, pressure-volume loops, Frank–Starling law, coronary flow autoregulation, and modern multiomics and arterial stiffness research.
Cardiovascular Research
Cardiovascular Research is a peer-reviewed journal covering basic and translational cardiovascular science, founded in 1967 and published by Oxford University Press for the European Society of Cardiology.
Cardiovascular response to exercise
The cardiovascular response to exercise is the coordinated adjustment of the heart and circulation that raises oxygen delivery to working muscle, lifting cardiac output from about 5 L/min at rest to 20–40 L/min.
Cardioversion
Cardioversion, also called synchronized cardioversion or electrical cardioversion, restores normal sinus rhythm in arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation using a synchronized electric shock or antiarrhythmic drugs; pioneered by Bernard Lown in 1962.
CARDIPP study
CARDIPP (CArdiovascular Risk factors in patients with DIabetes – a Prospective study in Primary care) is a Swedish prospective cohort of 761 primary-care patients with type 2 diabetes aged 55–65, run by Linköping University (NCT01049737), with baseline 2005–2008, CARDIPP-R re-investigation, and registry-linked cardiovascular outcomes.
Care bundle
A care bundle is a small set of three to five evidence-based interventions delivered together and reliably to improve outcomes, developed by IHI in 2001 and scored all-or-none.
CARE guidelines
The CARE guidelines, short for CAse REport, are a 13-item reporting checklist for medical case reports, first published in 2013 and endorsed by the EQUATOR Network.
CARE trial
CARE (Colpopexy and Urinary Reduction Efforts) trial: NIH-funded randomized trial in 322 stress-continent women testing prophylactic Burch colposuspension during abdominal sacrocolpopexy; it reduced postoperative stress incontinence at 3 months and 2 years.
CARE-MS I trial
CARE-MS I (NCT00530348) was a 2-year phase 3 trial comparing alemtuzumab 12 mg with subcutaneous interferon beta 1a in treatment-naive relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, showing 54.9% fewer relapses but no significant disability benefit.
CARE-MS II trial
CARE-MS II (CAMMS324, NCT00548405) was a 2-year phase 3 trial comparing alemtuzumab 12 mg with subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in active relapsing-remitting MS patients who relapsed on prior therapy, showing 49.4% relapse reduction and durable 5-year efficacy.
CARED trial
CARED (NCT06842459) is an Italian multicenter randomized trial testing whether a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment-guided care plan preserves physical performance (SPPB) in 180 adults aged 75+ with type 2 diabetes versus usual care, with 12-month follow-up.
Caregiver
Caregiver: a person providing regular care to someone with illness, disability, or age-related needs, usually unpaid family or friends. 63 million U.S. adults caregiving in 2025; $470 billion annual value; RAISE Act 2018.
Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome
Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome, also called myopathy-Moebius-Robin syndrome, is a very rare congenital myopathy caused by MYMK mutations, first described in 1982, combining facial palsy and cleft palate.
Carfilzomib/lenalidomide regimen
The carfilzomib/lenalidomide regimen, usually written KRd, is a triplet of carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma, FDA-approved for relapsed or refractory disease after one to three prior therapies.
Carglumic acid
Carglumic acid (Carbaglu, Ucedane; N-carbamoyl-L-glutamic acid) is an N-acetylglutamate analogue that activates CPS1 to treat hyperammonaemia in NAGS deficiency and organic acidaemias, dosed 100-250 mg/kg/day.
Caribbean parkinsonism
Caribbean parkinsonism, or parkinsonism with dementia of Guadeloupe, is an endemic levodopa-unresponsive atypical parkinsonism with dementia in the French West Indies, linked to Annonaceae toxins such as annonacin and resembling a PSP-like tauopathy.
Caries removal
Caries removal, or excavation, is the dental procedure of removing infected and affected decayed tissue from deep cavities while preserving remineralizable dentin, with selective removal now preferred over complete excavation.
Cariprazine
Cariprazine (Vraylar, Reagila) is an atypical antipsychotic, a D3-preferring D3/D2 partial agonist with active metabolite DDCAR (half-life 1–3 weeks), approved for schizophrenia, bipolar I mania and depression, and adjunctive MDD.
Carisbamate
Carisbamate, developed as RWJ-333369, is an investigational antiseizure medication of the alkyl-carbamate family originally developed by Johnson & Johnson for partial-onset seizures; after its 2010 withdrawal, SK Life Science resumed phase 3 development for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Carisoprodol
Carisoprodol (Soma) is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant approved in 1959, metabolized by CYP2C19 to meprobamate, acting on GABAA receptors; US Schedule IV since 2012, withdrawn in Europe, internationally scheduled in 2025.
Carl Kupfer
Carl Kupfer (1928–2011) was an American ophthalmologist and the first director of the National Eye Institute, serving from 1970 to 2000 as its budget grew from $24 million to over $450 million.
Carl Ludwig Alfred Fiedler
Carl Ludwig Alfred Fiedler (1835–1921) was a German internist and pathologist who led the Dresden-Friedrichstadt hospital's internal department, served three Saxon kings, and described Fiedler's myocarditis.
Carl Ludwig Schleich
Carl Ludwig Schleich (1859–1922) was a German surgeon who developed and standardized local infiltration anesthesia with dilute cocaine, described in his 1894 book Schmerzlose Operationen.
Carney complex
Carney complex (CNC, Carney syndrome) is a rare autosomal dominant multiple neoplasia syndrome with lentigines, myxomas, PPNAD/Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, and thyroid tumors, caused mostly by PRKAR1A mutations; distinct from Carney triad.
Carney complex-trismus-pseudocamptodactyly syndrome
Carney complex-trismus-pseudocamptodactyly syndrome (Carney complex variant, ORPHA:319340) is a rare heart-hand syndrome combining Carney complex features with trismus and distal arthrogryposis, linked to the MYH8 Arg674Gln mutation, though its distinctness from Carney complex is disputed.
Carney triad
Carney triad is a rare non-hereditary syndrome of gastric GIST, pulmonary chondroma, and extra-adrenal paraganglioma, mainly in young women; SDHC hypermethylation causes SDH deficiency, distinguishing it from Carney-Stratakis syndrome.
Carney-Stratakis syndrome
Carney-Stratakis syndrome (Carney dyad, OMIM 606864) is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome of paragangliomas and gastric GISTs caused by germline SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, or SDHA mutations, distinct from sporadic Carney triad.