Human health and medicine

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), also known as cervical dysplasia, is an abnormal, noncancerous change in cervix surface cells, usually caused by HPV and graded 1 to 3 by severity.

Cervical laminectomy

Cervical laminectomy is a posterior surgical procedure that removes the spinous process and lamina of cervical vertebrae to decompress the spinal cord and nerve roots in the neck.

Cervical Length Measurement

Cervical length measurement (transvaginal ultrasound cervical sonography) assesses cervix length in pregnancy to predict preterm birth; short cervix defined as ≤25 mm, guiding progesterone treatment.

Cervical lymph nodes are the neck's lymph nodes, classified into levels I–VII by the Memorial Sloan-Kettering system (Shah, 1981). The level system defines boundaries, drainage patterns, neck dissection types, and radiation target delineation.

Cervical lymphadenopathy

Cervical lymphadenopathy: abnormal enlargement of neck lymph nodes, usually >1 cm. Common in children (45-57% palpable), mostly viral/reactive; age guides cause, with cancer suspected over 60; ultrasound first-line in children, CT/MRI in adults.

Cervical plexus block

Cervical plexus block is a regional anesthesia technique that injects local anesthetic near the C2–C4 nerve roots to numb the neck, used mainly for carotid endarterectomy in awake patients.

Cervical rib

Cervical rib (Eve's rib): supernumerary rib from C7, present in roughly 0.2–1% of people, more often in women; usually asymptomatic but a leading cause of thoracic outlet syndrome, treated by rib resection when conservative care fails.

Cervical spinal nerves

The cervical spinal nerves are the eight pairs of neck nerves, C1 to C8, exiting above their same-numbered vertebrae and forming the cervical and brachial plexuses.

Cervical thymic cyst

Cervical thymic cyst is a rare, fluid-filled neck mass typically located near the carotid sheath. It is usually found incidentally and requires complete surgical excision for treatment.

Cervical vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7): the seven neck bones of the human spine, including the atlas (C1), axis (C2), and vertebra prominens (C7), with transverse foramina for the vertebral arteries and the neck's greatest range of motion.

Cervicitis

Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix, usually caused by infection such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, and is frequently asymptomatic; it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease.

Cervicofacial actinomycosis

Cervicofacial actinomycosis, also known as lumpy jaw syndrome, is a chronic bacterial infection of the head and neck caused by oral Actinomyces bacteria, most often after dental problems or trauma.

Cervicoplasty

Cervicoplasty, or neck plastic surgery, is reconstructive neck-region surgery to restore or improve form and function (MeSH D044964, introduced 2004), covering anterior, extended, and deep plane neck rejuvenation techniques.

Cervix

Cervix (cervix uteri): the lower, narrow end of the uterus connecting it to the vagina, about 2.5-3.5 cm long, with endocervix, ectocervix, and squamocolumnar junction; dilates to 10 cm in labor and is the site sampled in Pap and HPV screening.

Cesarean hysterectomy

A cesarean hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus performed at the time of cesarean delivery, most often to control uncontrollable hemorrhage or to treat abnormal placental invasion.

CEST imaging

CEST imaging is a magnetic resonance technique that saturates exchangeable protons on solutes and reads the water signal loss, revealing tissue pH, metabolites, and protein content without contrast agents.

Cetagliptin phosphate

Cetagliptin phosphate is a DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes developed by CGeneTech in Suzhou, China, approved in December 2024 as a Class 1 innovative drug.

Cethromycin

Cethromycin (ABT-773, Restanza) is a second-generation ketolide antibiotic for community-acquired pneumonia; binds 23S rRNA at two sites, overcomes macrolide resistance, noninferior to clarithromycin, FDA approval denied in 2009.

Cetirizine

Cetirizine (Zyrtec, Reactine) is a second-generation H1 antihistamine, the active metabolite of hydroxyzine, used for allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria; US prescription 1995, OTC 2007, half-life about 10.5 hours, renally excreted.

Cetrelimab

Cetrelimab (JNJ-63723283) is an investigational Janssen human IgG4 anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, studied intravenously and subcutaneously in LUC1001 and in SunRISe bladder cancer and erdafitinib combination trials.

Cetuximab

Cetuximab (Erbitux), a chimeric human-murine IgG1 anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody from murine mAb 225, FDA-approved February 2004 for KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; resistance driven by RAS mutations.

Cetuximab and encorafenib regimen

The cetuximab and encorafenib regimen pairs the EGFR antibody cetuximab with the oral BRAF V600E inhibitor encorafenib to treat BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer, first FDA-approved in 2020.

Oct 20, 2026

Cevimeline

Cevimeline (Evoxac) is an oral muscarinic M1/M3 agonist approved by the FDA in 2000 for dry mouth in Sjögren's syndrome, dosed 30 mg three times daily, with sweating and nausea as main side effects.

CF-O-E-PWV study

CF-O-E-PWV (NCT06836622) is a Brazilian cross-sectional study comparing carotid-femoral, Mobil-O-Graph oscillometric, and formula-estimated pulse wave velocity in 251 hypertensive adults, finding weak concordance (0.36 and 0.46) and non-interchangeability with the reference method.

CFAN study

CFAN study: the Chinese Familial Alzheimer's Disease Network, a nationwide longitudinal FAD cohort founded in 2002 by Jianping Jia at Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University; 69 centers in 26 provinces, NCT03657732, 404 pedigrees with 1,330 patients, targeting 40,000 subjects.