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Combination Drug Therapy
Combination drug therapy (drug polytherapy, combination chemotherapy): use of two or more drugs together for a combined effect, via synergy or independent action; evidence varies by disease, strongest in HIV and depression.
Combined antiretroviral therapy
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), also called ART or formerly HAART, is the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs together to suppress HIV, cutting death rates by 50 to 80%.
Combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII
Combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII (F5F8D) is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder caused by LMAN1 or MCFD2 mutations impairing ER-to-Golgi transport of both factors, with mild bleeding and levels typically 5–30%.
Combined drug intoxication
Combined drug intoxication, also called polysubstance intoxication or mixed-drug overdose, is a toxic state caused by two or more drugs taken together, and it drives most fatal US overdoses.
Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium
Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (CHR-RPE) is a rare benign childhood retinal tumor of glial, vascular, and pigment epithelial tissue, often peripapillary, sometimes linked to neurofibromatosis, and mimicking melanoma or retinoblastoma.
Combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma
Combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA, mixed HCC-CCA) is a rare primary liver cancer, 1–5% of cases, showing both hepatocytic and cholangiocytic differentiation in one tumor; diagnosed on H&E histology, worse survival than HCC.
Combined hyperactive dysfunction syndrome of the cranial nerves
Combined hyperactive dysfunction syndrome of the cranial nerves (ORPHA:221078, ICD-10 G52.7, ICD-11 8A85) is a rare acquired neuropathy combining trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia from neurovascular compression, in about 3% of HDS patients.
Combined immunodeficiency due to CD27 deficiency
Combined immunodeficiency due to CD27 deficiency (CD27 deficiency, lymphoproliferative syndrome 2, OMIM 615122) is a rare autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency causing persistent EBV viremia, hypogammaglobulinemia, HLH, and lymphoma, treated by HSCT.
Combined immunodeficiency due to ITK deficiency
Combined immunodeficiency due to ITK deficiency, also called ITK deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency caused by biallelic ITK gene variants, marked by EBV-associated lymphoproliferation, Hodgkin lymphoma, low CD4 and iNKT cells, and hypogammaglobulinemia.
Combined immunodeficiency due to Moesin deficiency
Combined immunodeficiency due to Moesin deficiency (X-MAID, IMD50, OMIM 300988) is a rare X-linked recessive primary immunodeficiency from MSN gene variants, causing childhood recurrent bacterial and varicella infections, T-B-NK lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and neutropenia.
Combined immunodeficiency-megaloblastic anemia due to methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 deficiency
MTHFD1 deficiency (OMIM 617780) is a rare autosomal recessive folate-metabolism disorder on chromosome 14q23 causing combined immunodeficiency, megaloblastic anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, and hemolytic uremic syndrome, responsive to folic or folinic acid.
Combined liver-kidney transplantation
Combined liver-kidney transplantation, usually called simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation (SLK), transplants a liver and a kidney into one recipient in a single operation, first performed in Austria in 1983.
Combined malonic and methylmalonic acidemia
Combined malonic and methylmalonic acidemia (CMAMMA, combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria) is a rare ACSF3-related inborn error of metabolism with elevated malonic and methylmalonic acid (MMA>MA), normal C3 acylcarnitine, and variable neurologic symptoms.
Combined Military Hospital
Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Rawalpindi, Pakistan's largest CMH: a Class A Pakistan Army Medical Corps tertiary hospital of about 1,000 to 1,150 beds, founded 1858, teaching hospital of Army Medical College and NUMS.
Combined Modality Therapy
Combined modality therapy, also known as multimodality treatment or combination therapy, is the treatment of cancer by several therapeutic means, such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
Combined oral contraceptive pill
Combined oral contraceptive pill (COC, "the Pill"): daily estrogen-plus-progestin tablet preventing pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation; ~7 in 100 typical-use first-year pregnancies, VTE relative risk 3.5, first approved as Enovid in 1960.
Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 13
Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 13 (COXPD13, OMIM 614932) is a rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease caused by PNPT1 mutations, causing infant-onset encephalomyopathy, dystonia, and combined respiratory chain deficiency.
Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 14
Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 14 (COXPD14, OMIM 614946) is a rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease from FARS2 mutations on 6p25.1, causing infantile refractory seizures, lactic acidosis, or spastic paraplegia.
Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 21
COXPD21 (OMIM 615918) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial encephalomyopathy caused by TARS2 variants, with complexes I, III, IV, V deficiency sparing II, neonatal onset, hypotonia, epilepsy, and hyperlactatemia.
Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 24
COXPD24 (OMIM 616239) is a rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder caused by NARS2 variants, causing infancy-onset seizures, hypotonia, hearing loss, Leigh or Alpers-like disease, myopathy, and neonatal diabetes.
Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 4
Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 4 (COXPD4, mitochondrial elongation factor Tu deficiency) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive TUFM-related mitochondrial translation disorder with neonatal lactic acidosis, encephalopathy, and combined complex I, III, and IV deficiency.
Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 8
Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 8 (COXPD8, OMIM 614096) is a rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease caused by AARS2 mutations, causing complexes I, III, and IV deficiency and fatal infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, genetic forms
Combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, genetic forms (CPHD, panhypopituitarism): congenital deficiency of two or more pituitary hormones caused by gene variants. About 30 genes implicated; PROP1 most common; autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked inheritance.
Comedo
Comedo (plural comedones): a plugged follicular orifice, the basic acne lesion. Open comedones are blackheads (darkened by oxidation, not dirt); closed comedones are whiteheads. Treated with topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, or extraction.
Comedonal acne
Comedonal acne, also called comedo acne, is a noninflammatory acne pattern of open and closed comedones (blackheads and whiteheads) on the forehead and chin, treated first with topical retinoids rather than antibiotics.
Comekibart
Comekibart (development code MG-K10) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against IL-4Rα developed by Mabgeek Biotechnology in China for atopic dermatitis and other type 2 inflammatory diseases.
COMFORTABLE trial
COMFORTABLE AMI (NCT00962416) was a randomized trial comparing biolimus A9-eluting stents with biodegradable polymer against bare-metal stents in 1,161 STEMI patients, halving 1-year MACE (4.3% vs 8.7%), a benefit sustained at 5 years.
Commissural lip fistula
Commissural lip fistula is a rare congenital malformation with an abnormal tract opening at the corner of the mouth, lined by lip mucosa and prone to infection.
Commissurotomy
Commissurotomy, also known as mitral commissurotomy, is a surgical or catheter-based procedure that splits the fused leaflets of a stenotic heart valve, most often the rheumatic mitral valve, to restore blood flow.
Committee Membership
Committee membership: the composition of a committee and the status of being its member. Covers selection, terms of reference, quorum, fiduciary duties, size and diversity effects across parliaments, boards, and advisory bodies.