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Colonic abscess
Colonic abscess (ICD-11 DB36.0), a localized pus collection in or near the colon, usually from perforated diverticulitis, sometimes colon cancer; treated with antibiotics, plus percutaneous drainage when 3 cm or larger.
Colonic atresia
Colonic atresia, also called large intestinal atresia, is a rare congenital blockage or absence of part of the colon, the rarest intestinal atresia type, occurring in roughly 1 in 10,000 to 66,000 births and treated surgically.
Colonic Pouches
Colonic pouches (ileal pouches, J-pouch, Kock pouch) are internal reservoirs made from ileum to replace the colon and rectum after restorative proctocolectomy, mainly for ulcerative colitis and FAP, pioneered by Kock in 1969 and Parks and Nicholls in 1978.
Colonoscopes
Colonoscopes are flexible endoscopes inserted through the anus to visualize the entire colon for diagnosis and polyp removal. Developed from Niwa and Yamagata's fiberoptic design, first used modernly by Wolff and Shinya in June 1969.
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy: endoscopic examination of the rectum and entire colon with a flexible camera tube (colonoscope). Key screening test for colorectal cancer every 10 years from age 45; polyps removable during the exam; perforation about 3 per 10,000 procedures.
Colonoscopy screening
Colonoscopy screening examines the entire colon in asymptomatic adults to detect colorectal cancer and remove precancerous polyps during the same procedure, recommended every 10 years.
Color blindness
Color blindness (color vision deficiency) is a reduced ability to distinguish colors, usually inherited X-linked recessively via OPN1LW/OPN1MW opsin gene mutations; red-green defects affect about 1 in 12 men, with no cure but tinted-lens aids and gene therapy trials for severe forms.
Color Doppler ultrasonography
Color Doppler ultrasonography is an ultrasound technique that superimposes a color-coded map of flow direction and velocity on gray-scale images, most commonly to image blood flow.
Color Perception Tests
Color perception tests are vision tests for detecting color vision defects: Ishihara and HRR pseudoisochromatic plates for screening, Farnsworth D-15 and 100-hue arrangement tests, and the anomaloscope, the gold-standard diagnostic instrument.
Color Therapy
Color therapy (chromotherapy, chromopathy): alternative therapy using colored light or suggestion to treat disorders, rooted in Pleasonton (1876) and Babbitt (1878) and Ghadiali's Spectro-Chrome (1920); minimal direct clinical evidence, distinct from evidence-based phototherapy.
Color vision
Color vision: the visual system's perception of light wavelength as color, based on three S, M, L cone types, retinal cone-opponent pathways, trichromatic and opponent-process theories, color constancy, and color vision deficiency affecting about 1 in 12 men.
Colorado tick fever
Colorado tick fever is a febrile illness caused by Colorado tick fever virus, transmitted by the Rocky Mountain wood tick in the western United States and southwestern Canada.
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer, cancer of the colon or rectum (bowel cancer), begins as polyps and is screened for from age 45; US 2026 estimates are 158,850 new cases, 55,230 deaths, with rising early-onset incidence.
Colorectal polyp
Colorectal (bowel) polyp: abnormal growth on the colon or rectum lining, also called colonic polyp. Common (1 in 4 over 50); adenomas and serrated lesions can become cancer; removed by colonoscopic polypectomy, which lowers colorectal cancer mortality.
Colorectal resection
Colorectal resection is a surgical operation in which part or all of the colon or rectum is removed, to treat colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, and volvulus.
Colorectal surgery
Colorectal surgery treats colon, rectum, and anus disease, from cancer and IBD to diverticulitis. Covers open, laparoscopic (since 1991), and robotic (since 2001) approaches, outcomes, and ERAS care.
Colorectal Surgical Procedures
Colorectal surgical procedures, also called Surgical Procedures, Colorectal (MeSH D000099090), are operations on the colon, rectum, and anal canal, including colectomy, proctectomy, and IPAA, performed open, laparoscopically, or robotically.
Colostomy
Colostomy: a surgically created stoma connecting the colon to the abdomen so stool collects in a worn pouch; may be temporary (loop) or permanent (end). Reasons include bowel cancer, IBD, obstruction, and incontinence; first successful case 1793.
Colpocleisis
Colpocleisis is an obliterative gynecologic operation for advanced pelvic organ prolapse, in which the vaginal canal is surgically closed and offered only to women who no longer desire intercourse.
Colpopexy
Colpopexy is a surgical procedure that suspends a prolapsed vaginal apex, most often the vault after hysterectomy, to the sacrum or sacrospinous ligament, correcting apical pelvic organ prolapse.
Colporrhaphy
Colporrhaphy is a vaginal operation that repairs a prolapsed anterior or posterior vaginal wall by plicating the underlying fascia; anterior repair treats cystocele and posterior repair treats rectocele.
Colposcopes
Colposcopes are lighted, low-power binocular magnifying instruments for examining the cervix, vagina, and vulva; invented by Hans Hinselmann in 1925, they guide colposcopy, biopsy, and treatment of cervical precancer.
Colposcopy
Colposcopy is a medical exam in which the cervix, vagina, and vulva are viewed through a magnifying colposcope, typically after abnormal cervical screening, often with a biopsy.
Colpotomy
Colpotomy is a surgical incision through the vaginal wall, usually the posterior fornix, that opens into the recto-uterine pouch (pouch of Douglas) to reach the pelvic peritoneal cavity.
Colter Mitchell
Colter Mitchell is an American biodemographer and Research Associate Professor at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research, studying how social conditions shape population health.
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) is a structured clinical interview that rates suicidal ideation severity and behavior, serving as the standard measure in care, research, and FDA trials.
Coma
Coma: a state of prolonged unconsciousness with no awareness or response, caused by brain injury, stroke, toxins, diabetes, or oxygen lack; assessed with the Glasgow Coma Scale (3-15).
Combat medic
Combat medic: enlisted frontline medical specialist, US Army 68W Combat Medic Specialist, established WWII, trained at Fort Sam Houston, TCCC-based care, wounded survival rose from 69.3% (WWII) to 90.7% (Iraq/Afghanistan).
Combat stress reaction
Combat stress reaction (CSR), also called battle fatigue or combat and operational stress reaction (COSR), is an acute, non-diagnosable stress response to combat that impairs duty performance; treated with proximity, immediacy, and expectancy frontline principles.
Combat support hospital
Combat support hospital (CSH), US Army Role 3 deployable hospital, successor to the MASH from the Vietnam War; 248 beds in two companies. Converted from 2016 into 32-bed field hospitals under hospital centers.