25,729 articles
Cognitive behaviour therapy
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), also called cognitive behavioral therapy, is a psychotherapy merging behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy; it uses cognitive restructuring, has strong evidence for anxiety disorders, and has a dedicated journal literature since 1971.
Cognitive distortion
Cognitive distortion: negatively biased, irrational thinking pattern central to Beck's cognitive therapy and CBT; includes all-or-nothing thinking, catastrophizing, mind reading; treated via cognitive restructuring.
Cognitive Enhancement
Cognitive enhancement, or neuroenhancement, is the improvement of attention, memory, and executive function in healthy people using stimulant drugs like methylphenidate and modafinil or brain stimulation, with modest proven effects and active policy debate.
Cognitive functional therapy
Cognitive functional therapy (CFT) is a person-centered behavioral treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain, targeting the thoughts, emotions, and movement behaviors that keep pain and disability going.
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience studies how brain function supports mental activities, combining cognitive psychology with brain imaging. Named by Gazzaniga and Miller in the late 1970s; fMRI is its leading tool, with reverse inference and reproducibility as key debates.
Cognitive processing therapy
Cognitive processing therapy is a structured psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder that combines cognitive restructuring with written assignments, introduced by Patricia Resick and Monica Schnicke in 1992.
Cognitive rehabilitation therapy
Cognitive rehabilitation therapy is an individualized, structured set of activities designed to restore or compensate for impairments in attention, memory, and executive functions after brain injury.
Cognitive remediation
Cognitive remediation is a behavioral therapy using repeated cognitive exercises and strategy training to improve attention, memory, and executive functioning, aiming to improve daily functioning in psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.
Cognitive restructuring
Cognitive restructuring is a set of psychotherapy techniques, central to cognitive behavioral therapy, that identifies and corrects inaccurate beliefs maintaining distress, used for depression, anxiety, panic disorder, and OCD.
Cognitive stimulation therapy
Cognitive stimulation therapy is a structured group treatment in which people with mild to moderate dementia take part in themed activities to improve cognition and quality of life.
Cognitive therapy
Cognitive therapy (CT) is a structured, present-oriented psychotherapy developed by American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, based on the cognitive model; a 1977 trial first showed it more efficacious than medication for depression.
Cognitively-Based Compassion Training
Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT) is a secular, module-based program developed by Geshe Lobsang Negi at Emory University in 2003–2004, adapting Tibetan Buddhist lojong mind-training to cultivate compassion.
Cohen-Gibson syndrome
Cohen-Gibson syndrome (EED-related overgrowth, OMIM 617561) is a rare autosomal dominant PRC2-related overgrowth disorder caused by EED variants, causing tall stature, macrocephaly, advanced bone age, and mild-to-severe intellectual disability.
Coherence elastography
Coherence elastography, usually called optical coherence elastography (OCE), is an imaging technique that measures tissue stiffness at micrometer resolution using optical coherence tomography, with the cornea as its leading application.
COHORFES study
CohorFES (NCT06965972) is a Spanish multicenter prospective cohort led by Parc de Salut Mar and CIBERFES following 1,500 adults over 65 from six hospital outpatient clinics to identify frailty phenotypic clusters, progression trajectories, and outcomes, using FTS5, Fried phenotype, eFI, and a metabolomics biobank.
Cohort study
Cohort study: an observational epidemiology design following an exposed and unexposed group over time to measure incidence and risk; exemplified by the Framingham Heart Study (1948, 5,209 participants), with prospective and retrospective forms.
Coital alignment technique
Coital alignment technique (CAT), or "grinding the corn", is a modified missionary sex position created by Edward Eichel that uses a riding-high posture and slow rocking to stimulate the clitoris during intercourse; trials show mixed but partly positive results for female orgasm.
Coitus interruptus
Coitus interruptus, also called withdrawal or the pull-out method, is a form of contraception in which the man withdraws before ejaculating, with about 78% typical-use effectiveness.
Coitus reservatus
Coitus reservatus, also called karezza (from Italian carezza), is prolonged intercourse with delayed or suppressed ejaculation. Used historically as contraception and in Tantric and Daoist semen-retention practices; promoted in 19th-century America as male continence.
Colchicine
Colchicine, a tubulin-binding alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale, treats acute gout flares, prevents flares during urate-lowering therapy, and treats familial Mediterranean fever; low doses work with fewer adverse events than high doses.
Colchicine poisoning
Colchicine poisoning: toxic state from overdose of the gout drug colchicine or autumn crocus ingestion; three-phase gastroenteritis-to-multiorgan-failure course, high mortality, no antidote, supportive care.
Cold agglutinin disease
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD), also called primary autoimmune cold hemolytic anemia, is a rare clonal B-cell disorder producing IgM-κ autoantibodies that cause complement-mediated hemolytic anemia; treated with rituximab regimens and the anti-C1s antibody sutimlimab (Enjaymo), FDA-approved February 2022.
Cold knife cone biopsy
Cold knife cone biopsy, or cold knife conization, is a gynecologic procedure that removes a cone of cervical tissue with a scalpel to diagnose and treat precancerous lesions.
Cold medicine
Cold medicine, also called cold medication, is a drug product, usually over the counter, that relieves common cold symptoms such as congestion, cough, and fever.
Cold Temperature
Cold temperature: environmental cold below the range humans tolerate without strain. Covers vasoconstriction, shivering, brown fat, hypothermia, frostbite, wind chill, public health mortality, and unproven cold-water immersion benefits.
Cold test (dentistry)
The cold test is a dental pulp test in which a cold stimulus is applied to a tooth to help distinguish a normal pulp from an inflamed or necrotic one.
Cold turkey
Cold turkey: abrupt, complete withdrawal from an addictive substance such as tobacco, alcohol, or opioids, without tapering. American-English phrase (c. 1915–20); trial evidence favors abrupt over gradual smoking cessation with support.
Cold urticaria
Cold urticaria (ColdU), a chronic inducible urticaria subtype, causes itchy wheals or angioedema within minutes of cold exposure, with 21.49% anaphylaxis prevalence; treated with second-generation antihistamines up to 4-fold dose, then omalizumab.
Cold-induced sweating syndrome
Cold-induced sweating syndrome (CISS, Crisponi syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive CNTFR-related disorder caused by CRLF1 (~90%) or CLCF1 variants, featuring neonatal hyperthermia and feeding difficulties, then cold-triggered sweating and kyphoscoliosis.
COLD-PCR
COLD-PCR, short for co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature-PCR, is a modified polymerase chain reaction that enriches minority mutant alleles for detection, introduced in 2008 and used mainly in cancer mutation testing.