Human health and medicine

CNTRACS trial

CNTRACS (Cognitive Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Schizophrenia Consortium) is a five-site NIMH program, not a drug trial, validating cognitive neuroscience tasks (DPX, RISE, CCE, JOVI) as clinical trial measures in schizophrenia, now extended computationally (NCT07853807).

CO-MED trial

CO-MED (Combining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes) trial: 2011 NIMH-funded, single-blind randomized study of 665 outpatients with chronic or recurrent major depression; two antidepressant combinations (bupropion-escitalopram, venlafaxine-mirtazapine) showed no remission advantage over escitalopram monotherapy.

CO-oximetry

CO-oximetry is a spectrophotometric laboratory method that measures fractions of oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin in a blood sample, detecting carbon monoxide poisoning and methemoglobinemia.

CO13Hepavih study

ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH, a French nationwide prospective cohort started in 2005 of HIV-HCV co-infected patients (about 1,859 enrolled), tracking liver disease, mortality, DAA treatment outcomes, and socio-behavioral determinants.

CO2 laser therapy

CO2 laser therapy is a dermatologic and surgical treatment that uses a carbon dioxide laser to vaporize or resurface skin, treating acne scars, warts, wrinkles, and lesions.

COACH trial

COACH (NCT02107443, URCC 13070) was a nationwide cluster-randomized trial led by Supriya Mohile via the URCC NCORP, testing geriatric assessment summaries with recommendations for oncologists treating patients 70+ with advanced cancer; it improved patient and caregiver communication satisfaction.

Coagulation

Coagulation: blood clotting via platelet-fibrin plug formation. Modeled historically by the 1960s cascade and currently by the Hoffman-Monroe cell-based model (initiation, amplification, propagation), with anticoagulant regulation and fibrinolysis.

Coagulation pathway

Coagulation pathway: the blood clotting sequence producing thrombin and fibrin. Described by the 1964 intrinsic/extrinsic cascade model and the 2001 Hoffman-Monroe cell-based model with initiation, amplification, and propagation phases.

Coagulopathy

Coagulopathy, a blood clotting disorder impairing hemostasis; acquired forms (liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, DIC, anticoagulants) are more common than inherited ones such as von Willebrand disease and hemophilia.

Oct 15, 2026

Coalworker's pneumoconiosis

Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, commonly called black lung disease, is an occupational lung disease in which inhaled coal mine dust scars the lungs, ranging from simple disease to progressive massive fibrosis.

COAPT trial

COAPT trial (NCT01626079): randomized trial of MitraClip transcatheter edge-to-edge repair plus GDMT versus GDMT alone in heart failure with severe secondary mitral regurgitation; showed reduced hospitalization and mortality, contrasting with MITRA-FR.

Coarctation of the aorta

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus, 5-8% of congenital heart disease, treated by surgery, balloon angioplasty, or stenting, with lifelong hypertension risk.

Coarctation repair

Coarctation repair is the surgical or catheter-based correction of coarctation of the aorta, a congenital narrowing of the aortic isthmus accounting for up to 8% of congenital heart disease.

COAST-V trial

COAST-V (NCT02696785), a phase 3 Eli Lilly trial of ixekizumab (Taltz) in bDMARD-naive radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: 341 patients, ASAS40 52%/48% at week 16 versus 18% placebo.

COASY protein-associated neurodegeneration

COASY protein-associated neurodegeneration (CoPAN, NBIA6, OMIM 615643) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive childhood-onset neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation caused by COASY mutations impairing the final steps of coenzyme A biosynthesis.

Coats disease

Coats disease is a rare retinal disorder, described by George Coats in 1908, in which abnormal vessels leak lipid-rich exudate and can cause retinal detachment and vision loss.

Coats plus syndrome

Coats plus syndrome (CRMCC), a rare autosomal recessive telomere biology disorder from CTC1, STN1, TEN1 or POT1 mutations, causing bilateral Coats-like retinopathy, intracranial calcifications, leukodystrophy, brain cysts, osteopenia, and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Cobb angle measurement

The Cobb angle is the standard radiographic measure of scoliosis severity, taken between the most tilted vertebrae on a frontal X-ray; curves above 10° define scoliosis.

Cobimetinib

Cobimetinib (Cotellic, GDC-0973, XL518), an allosteric MEK1/2 inhibitor by Exelixis and Genentech, approved 2015 with vemurafenib for BRAF V600-mutant melanoma and as single agent for histiocytic neoplasms.

Oct 20, 2026

Cobitolimod

Cobitolimod (DIMS0150, Kappaproct), an InDex Pharmaceuticals topical DNA oligonucleotide TLR9 agonist enema for left-sided ulcerative colitis; phase 2b CONDUCT met its endpoint at 250 mg, but phase 3 CONCLUDE failed and development was discontinued in 2024.

Coblopasvir hydrochloride

Coblopasvir hydrochloride (盐酸可洛派韦, brand name Kailiwei) is a Chinese-developed NS5A inhibitor, approved in February 2020 and taken once daily with sofosbuvir for 12 weeks to treat chronic hepatitis C.

Cocaine

Cocaine, also known as methylbenzoylecgonine, is a stimulant drug derived from coca leaves, first isolated in 1859, used as a local anesthetic and widely abused.

Cocaine dependence

Cocaine dependence, now diagnosed as cocaine use disorder (CUD), is compulsive cocaine use with impaired control and craving. No approved medications exist; contingency management is the best-supported treatment.

Oct 20, 2026

Cocaine embryofetopathy

Cocaine embryofetopathy, also called fetal cocaine syndrome, is a collection of clinical features in infants exposed to cocaine before birth, including low birth weight, seizures, and feeding difficulties.

Cocaine intoxication

Cocaine intoxication: acute toxic state from the coca-derived stimulant cocaine (crack), causing euphoria, agitation, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, seizures, and cardiac complications; treated supportively with benzodiazepines, cooling, and sodium bicarbonate.

Cocaine withdrawal

Cocaine withdrawal (ICD-11 6C45.4) is the symptom cluster after stopping or reducing cocaine in dependent or heavy users: dysphoria, fatigue, sleep disturbance, increased appetite, and craving, peaking in 2 to 4 days, usually not life-threatening, with no approved medication.

Cocaine-associated acute coronary syndrome

Cocaine-associated acute coronary syndrome is unstable angina or heart attack triggered by cocaine use, typically affecting younger patients and managed differently, with beta-blockers generally avoided early.

Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder

Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder (ICD-11 6C45.71; ICD-10-CM F14.280) is a substance-induced anxiety disorder with symptoms arising during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal, exceeding intoxication/withdrawal anxiety and not better explained by a primary anxiety disorder.

Cocaine-induced delirium

Cocaine-induced delirium, ICD-11 code 6C45.5, is an acute disturbance of attention and awareness developing during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal. Covers diagnostic criteria, ICD-10 crosswalk codes, differential diagnosis, and the disputed related term excited delirium.