25,729 articles
Cocaine-induced mood disorder
Cocaine-induced mood disorder (ICD-11 6C45.70) is a substance-induced psychiatric diagnosis with depressive, manic, or mixed mood symptoms arising during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal, distinct from independent depression.
Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder
Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder (ICD-11 6C45.6, CIPD): psychosis with delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized behavior arising during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal, linked to dopamine transporter blockade, with about 25% of substance-induced psychoses transitioning to schizophrenia.
Coccidioides meningitis
Coccidioides meningitis (coccidioidal meningitis), meningeal infection by Coccidioides immitis or posadasii; nearly always fatal untreated, treated with lifelong fluconazole 400-1200 mg daily, hydrocephalus in up to 40%.
Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis, or Valley fever, is a fungal lung infection from Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii, endemic to the southwestern US and Latin America; about 40% of infections cause symptoms and roughly 1% disseminate.
Coccydynia
Coccydynia (coccygodynia) is tailbone pain, worsened by sitting, affecting women 3–5 times more than men; treated stepwise with cushions, NSAIDs, steroid injections, and rarely coccygectomy.
Coccyx
Coccyx (tailbone): terminal segment of the human vertebral column, three to five fused rudimentary vertebrae (usually four) articulating with the sacrum; anchors pelvic floor muscles and ligaments, bears seated weight, and is the site of coccydynia.
Cochlea
Cochlea: fluid-filled, spiral-shaped inner-ear cavity (2.5 turns) housing the organ of Corti; transduces sound via hair cells along a tonotopic basilar membrane; site of sensorineural hearing loss, cochlear implants, and new gene therapies.
Cochlear amplifier
Cochlear amplifier: active process in the mammalian cochlea, also called cochlear amplification, where outer hair cells and prestin enhance basilar membrane vibration, giving hearing sensitivity, sharp tuning, and otoacoustic emissions.
Cochlear implant
A cochlear implant, also called a bionic ear, is an electronic device that bypasses damaged inner-ear structures to give a sense of sound to people who are profoundly deaf.
Cochlear nerve
Cochlear nerve: auditory division of cranial nerve VIII, carrying signals from spiral ganglion neurons to the brainstem cochlear nuclei; aplasia or hypoplasia predicts poor cochlear implant outcomes, with auditory brainstem implants as the alternative.
Cochlear nucleus
Cochlear nucleus: first brainstem relay of the auditory pathway (dorsal, anteroventral, posteroventral divisions), where auditory nerve fibers split into ventral sound-localizing and dorsal pattern-recognition streams; target of auditory brainstem implants and linked to tinnitus.
Cochleovestibular malformation
Cochleovestibular malformation (ORPHA:502305), a rare congenital inner ear deformity causing severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss without cochlear nerve anomalies, classified by cochlea, modiolus, and lamina cribrosa morphology.
Cock ring
Cock ring (constriction or tension ring) worn at the penis base to restrict venous outflow and maintain erections; used alone or with vacuum pumps, limited to 30 minutes, FDA Class II device.
Cockayne syndrome
Cockayne syndrome (CS), also called dwarfism-retinal atrophy-deafness syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive DNA repair disorder from ERCC6 or ERCC8 mutations, causing growth failure, microcephaly, photosensitivity, and neurodegeneration, with types I to III and COFS, and no cancer predisposition.
Cocoliztli epidemics
Cocoliztli epidemics (Nahuatl for pest): two 16th-century outbreaks in Mexico, 1545-1548 and 1576-1578, killed up to 80% and then 50% of the native population; cause debated between Salmonella Paratyphi C and an indigenous rodent-borne hemorrhagic fever.
Cod liver oil
Cod liver oil, oil from the liver of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), a supplement providing omega-3s (EPA, DHA) plus vitamins A and D; historically used for rickets and tuberculosis, avoided in pregnancy due to vitamin A.
CODAS syndrome
CODAS syndrome (cerebrooculodentoauriculoskeletal syndrome, OMIM 600373) is a rare autosomal recessive multisystem developmental disorder caused by biallelic LONP1 variants, first described by Shebib et al. in 1991, with cataracts, crumpled ears, and skeletal dysplasia.
Codeine
Codeine (3-methylmorphine) is an opioid painkiller and cough suppressant isolated from opium by Robiquet in 1832, activated mainly by CYP2D6 conversion to morphine, restricted in children, and scheduled III/V in the US.
Coeliac disease
Coeliac disease (celiac disease, gluten-sensitive enteropathy) is a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten in wheat, barley, and rye, damaging the small intestine in about 1% of people; treated with a lifelong gluten-free diet.
Coffee Break trial
Coffee Break (NCT04209972) is a completed 2019 Radboud University Medical Center randomized trial comparing precision of repeated lung-nodule volume measurements on standard versus ultra-high-resolution CT (0.25 mm) scanners; no results posted.
Coffin birth
Coffin birth, or postmortem fetal extrusion, is the gas-driven expulsion of a fetus from a decomposing pregnant woman's body, documented in forensic cases and rare archaeological burials such as San Genesio, Tuscany.
Coffin-Lowry syndrome
Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) is a rare X-linked dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the RPS6KA3 gene, marked by severe intellectual disability in males, distinctive facial features, and progressive kyphoscoliosis.
Coffin-Siris syndrome
Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS, fifth digit syndrome), a rare autosomal dominant BAF-complex genetic disorder, most often ARID1B, causing developmental delay, fifth finger/toe nail hypoplasia, and coarse facial features.
Cofrogliptin (HSK7653)
Cofrogliptin (HSK7653, 考格列汀, brand 倍长平) is Haisco's ultralong-acting oral DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes, dosed 10 mg once every two weeks; approved in China June 2024, half-life 131.5 h, non-inferior to daily linagliptin.
COG1-CDG
COG1-CDG (CDG-IIg, OMIM 611209) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder of glycosylation caused by COG1 gene variants, with growth retardation, microcephaly, psychomotor delay, dysmorphism, and type 2 transferrin IEF; only a handful of patients reported.
COG6-CGD
COG6-CGD (CDG2L, congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIl, OMIM 614576) is an autosomal recessive COG6-gene Golgi glycosylation disorder with neonatal multisystem disease, under 1 per million prevalence, and no interventional trials.
Cogan syndrome
Cogan syndrome, a rare autoimmune vasculitis of the inner ear and eye in young adults, causing interstitial keratitis and progressive deafness; typical versus atypical forms, diagnosis of exclusion, steroid treatment.
Cognitive analytic therapy
Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) is a structured, time-limited psychotherapy combining cognitive therapy with exploration of relational patterns, delivered in 8, 16, or 24 weekly sessions.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Beck's structured psychotherapy; includes cognitive therapy and third-wave variants. Time-limited, 5-20 sessions; g=0.79 for depression, comparable to antidepressants with lower relapse.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a structured psychotherapy using stimulus control and sleep restriction, recommended by major guidelines as first-line treatment for chronic insomnia.