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Closed-Circuit Anesthesia
Closed-circuit anesthesia: inhalational technique with the APL valve closed, rebreathing CO2-absorbed exhaled gas, fresh gas matched to patient uptake; also called closed-system or quantitative anesthesia; flows near 250-500 mL/min, 1.3 MAC target, mandatory FiO2 monitoring.
Closed-loop stimulation
Closed-loop stimulation is a neuromodulation technique delivering electrical stimulation only when sensed biomarkers indicate need, used in epilepsy via the NeuroPace RNS and in Parkinson's disease via sensing-enabled deep brain stimulation systems.
Closed-loop therapy
Closed-loop therapy is medical treatment in which a device continuously measures a patient's physiological state and automatically adjusts therapy, as in automated insulin delivery and adaptive neurostimulation.
Closing Volume
Closing volume is the expired lung volume between the onset of small-airway closure in dependent lung zones and residual volume; closing capacity equals closing volume plus residual volume. It rises linearly with age, measured by single-breath nitrogen washout, and exceeds FRC in the elderly.
Clostridioides difficile infection
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI, C. diff), colitis from the spore-forming bacterium Clostridioides difficile; ~500,000 US cases yearly, triggered by antibiotics, treated with fidaxomicin or vancomycin.
Clot Retraction
Clot retraction (clot contraction): platelet-driven shrinkage of a fibrin blood clot via integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling and the actin-myosin cytoskeleton, expelling serum, stabilizing the clot, and retarding fibrinolysis.
Clothing fetish
Clothing fetish: sexual arousal centered on garments, fabrics, or footwear rather than the body. A paraphilia described since the 19th century; diagnosable as fetishistic disorder only with distress or impairment, and removed from ICD-11 (2022).
Clotiazepam
Clotiazepam (Rize, Tienor) is a thienodiazepine anxiolytic, CAS 33671-46-4, half-life about 4 hours, 99% protein bound, UN 1971 Convention controlled, Schedule IV in US and Canada, not FDA approved.
Clotrimazole
Clotrimazole (Canesten, Lotrimin) is a topical imidazole antifungal introduced by Bayer in 1969; it inhibits fungal CYP51/ergosterol synthesis and treats skin, oral, vaginal, and ear fungal infections, being less effective than fluconazole for oral candidiasis.
CLOVES syndrome
CLOVES syndrome (CLOVE syndrome, congenital lipomatous overgrowth-vascular malformation-epidermal nevi-skeletal anomaly syndrome) is a rare sporadic PROS overgrowth disorder caused by mosaic PIK3CA mutations, with congenital fatty overgrowth, truncal vascular malformations, epidermal nevi, and spinal anomalies; treated with alpelisib.
Clozapine
Clozapine (Clozaril, Versacloz) is the first atypical antipsychotic, the standard treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and recurrent suicidality, requiring ANC blood monitoring; its US REMS was eliminated in June 2025.
Club drug
Club drugs, also called party drugs, are psychoactive substances used at nightclubs, raves, and parties, chiefly MDMA, GHB, ketamine, Rohypnol, methamphetamine, and LSD, with risks including overdose and drink-spiking assault.
Clubfoot
Clubfoot (congenital talipes equinovarus, CTEV) is a congenital foot deformity affecting about 1 in 1,000 births, treated mainly by the Ponseti method of casting, tenotomy, and bracing, with relapse as the main issue.
Cluster headache
Cluster headache, a trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia or "suicide headache": severe unilateral orbital attacks of 15-180 minutes up to 8 daily, with autonomic symptoms; treated acutely with oxygen and subcutaneous sumatriptan, prevented with verapamil.
Cluster randomized controlled trial
A cluster randomized controlled trial is an experiment that randomly assigns entire groups, such as clinics, schools, or communities, rather than individuals, to intervention or control arms.
Cluster randomized design
A cluster randomized design is a comparative trial in which whole groups, such as clinics, schools, or communities, are randomly assigned to interventions, with outcomes measured in their members.
Clyde F. Barker
Clyde F. Barker (1932–2025) was an American transplant surgeon at the University of Pennsylvania who performed its first kidney transplant in 1966 and chaired surgery from 1983 to 2001.
CM313, anti-CD38 humanized monoclonal antibody
CM313 is a humanized IgG1 anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody from Keymed Biosciences, licensed globally (ex-Greater China) to Timberlyne Therapeutics in 2025; tested in ITP, SLE, and multiple myeloma.
CM336
CM336 (OM336), a BCMA x CD3 bispecific T-cell engager developed by Keymed Biosciences, licensed to Ouro Medicines and acquired via Gilead; treats multiple myeloma and autoimmune cytopenias.
CM512
CM512 (BEL512) is an IgG1-based bispecific antibody from Keymed Biosciences that blocks both TSLP and IL-13; the first IgG-like long-acting TSLP×IL-13 dual blocker, half-life about 59-74 days, licensed outside Greater China to Belenos, in phase 3 for CRSwNP.
CM536
CM536 (BEL536) is Keymed Biosciences' OX40L x IL-13 bispecific antibody for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, licensed ex-Greater China to OrbiMed-backed Belenos Biosciences in July 2024 for US$15 million upfront plus milestones; atopic dermatitis is its lead indication.
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne
CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal; Journal de l'Association médicale canadienne) is Canada's peer-reviewed general medical journal, founded January 1911 under Sir Andrew Macphail, open access since 2020, 2024 impact factor 12.2.
CMG1A46
CMG1A46 (1A46) is Chimagen Biosciences' IgG-like CD19/CD20/CD3 trispecific T-cell engager on the TRIAD platform, acquired by GSK in 2024 for $300 million upfront, in trials for B-cell lymphoma, leukemia, and lupus.
CMG901 (Claudin 18.2 ADC)
CMG901, also known as AZD0901 or sonesitatug vedotin, is an antibody–drug conjugate targeting Claudin 18.2, discovered by Keymed Biosciences and licensed to AstraZeneca for gastric, gastroesophageal junction, and pancreatic cancers.
CML treatment beyond TKIs
CML treatment beyond TKIs covers the options when targeted drugs fail or stop: allogeneic stem-cell transplantation, donor lymphocyte infusion, interferon and hydroxyurea, and treatment-free remission.
CMSI&Child trial
CMSI&Child (NCT06016296) is a Chilean randomized controlled trial testing a 12-week combined movement and storytelling intervention on motor skills, language, and physical activity in 144 children aged 3 to 6.
CMT-VX trial
CMT-VX (NCT07665424) is a Taiwanese randomized non-inferiority trial testing the CMT Vessel-X PET bone-filling container against conventional vertebroplasty in 146 patients aged 40-95 with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, primary endpoint unanticipated serious adverse device effects.
CN201 (MK-1045)
CN201 (CN-201, MK-1045) is a humanized CD19xCD3 bispecific IgG4 T-cell engager developed by Curon Biopharmaceutical and acquired by Merck in 2024 for $700 million upfront, in trials for B-cell lymphoma, ALL, and autoimmune disease.
CNN2 study
The CNN2 study is a clinical trial at Mỹ Đức Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, testing whether a blood test for calponin 2 can identify tubal pregnancies.
CNTNAP2-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
CNTNAP2-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (CASPR2-deficiency disorder; formerly Pitt-Hopkins-like syndrome-1, OMIM 610042) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with intellectual disability, speech impairment, and early-onset epilepsy with regression.