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CLN12 disease
CLN12 disease, also called ATP13A2-related juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or NCL12, is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder from ATP13A2 mutations, causing juvenile-onset ataxia, myoclonus, parkinsonism and cognitive decline, distinct from Kufor-Rakeb syndrome and SPG78.
CLN13 disease
CLN13 disease (Kufs disease type B, NCL13) is a rare autosomal recessive adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis caused by CTSF mutations, producing cathepsin F deficiency, dementia, and movement disturbances without vision loss.
CLN2 disease
CLN2 disease (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2, NCL2) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder from TPP1 deficiency, causing seizures, motor-language loss and blindness from ages 2-4; treated with intraventricular cerliponase alfa (Brineura).
CLN3 disease
CLN3 disease (juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, juvenile Batten disease) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder from CLN3 gene mutations, causing childhood vision loss, seizures, cognitive decline, and death typically at 20–30 years.
CLN4 disease
CLN4 disease (Parry disease, adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, NCL4) is a rare autosomal dominant adult-onset NCL caused by DNAJC5 mutations, causing seizures, myoclonus, dementia, and ataxia without vision loss.
CLN5 disease
CLN5 disease is a rare inherited neurodegenerative disorder of the Batten disease group, caused by CLN5 gene mutations and marked by seizures, ataxia, and vision loss.
CLN6 disease
CLN6 disease (NCL6, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 6) is a rare autosomal recessive Batten disease caused by CLN6 gene mutations, with late infantile, juvenile, and adult-onset forms involving regression, seizures, and ataxia.
CLN7 disease
CLN7 disease (NCL7, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 7) is a rare autosomal recessive Batten disease variant caused by MFSD8 mutations, beginning at ages 2-7 with seizures, myoclonus, vision loss, and motor and cognitive decline; no approved cure exists.
CLN8 disease
CLN8 disease (Northern epilepsy, EPMR; OMIM 600143) is an autosomal recessive neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis caused by CLN8 gene mutations, with a milder Finnish epilepsy form and a severe late-infantile form with vision loss.
Clobazam
Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanyl, Onfi) is a 1,5-benzodiazepine antiseizure drug approved in the US in 2011 as add-on therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome seizures, dosed by weight, metabolized via CYP2C19, and DEA Schedule IV.
Clobetasol propionate
Clobetasol propionate (Temovate, Clobex) is a super-high potency topical corticosteroid, 0.05% strength, first described 1974, FDA-approved 1985, used for psoriasis and corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses with 2-week, 50 g/week limits.
Clobutinol
Clobutinol (Silomat) is a non-opioid, centrally acting cough suppressant marketed from 1961 and withdrawn in 2007 after a study showed QT prolongation and arrhythmia risk; Brazil's Anvisa suspended it in April 2026.
Clock drawing test
The clock drawing test is a neuropsychological screen in which a person draws a clock set to ten after eleven, probing planning, memory, and visuospatial function.
Clodronate
Clodronate, also known as clodronic acid, is a first-generation bisphosphonate drug that inhibits bone resorption, used since the 1970s for osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and bone metastases.
Clofarabine
Clofarabine (Clolar, Evoltra, CAFdA) is a second-generation purine nucleoside analog chemotherapy approved in 2004 for relapsed/refractory pediatric ALL; it inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and DNA polymerase after dCK phosphorylation.
Clofazimine
Clofazimine is a lipophilic riminophenazine antibiotic drug, first synthesized in Ireland in 1954, best known as one of three drugs in WHO multidrug therapy for leprosy and later repurposed for drug-resistant tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
Cloforex
Cloforex (D 237, CAS 14261-75-7), a withdrawn 1960s anorectic anti-obesity drug, a sympathomimetic phenethylamine carbamate and serotonin re-uptake inhibitor pulled from German, Swedish, and Venezuelan markets over pulmonary hypertension concerns.
Clomacran
Clomacran (SKF-14336; brands Devryl, Olaxin) is a non-phenothiazine tricyclic acridine antipsychotic developed by Smith Kline & French, used in 1970s schizophrenia trials and later withdrawn, with hepatotoxicity cited.
Clometacin
Clometacin (Dupéran), an indomethacin-isomer indoleacetic acid NSAID and cyclooxygenase inhibitor introduced in France in 1971, withdrawn in 1990 after severe autoimmune-like hepatitis, mainly in elderly women.
Clomethiazole
Clomethiazole, also spelled chlormethiazole and marketed as Heminevrin, is a sedative and anticonvulsant drug related to thiamine that is used in Europe to treat acute alcohol withdrawal, but is not approved in the United States.
Clomipramine
Clomipramine (Anafranil), a serotonergic tricyclic antidepressant, was the first FDA-approved OCD drug (1989) and is second-line OCD treatment; also approved as Clomicalm for canine separation anxiety.
Clonality analysis
Clonality analysis is a computational method in cancer genomics that infers the clonal composition and evolutionary relationships of tumor cell populations from sequencing data, most often bulk DNA sequencing.
Clonazepam
Clonazepam (Klonopin) is a long-acting, high-potency benzodiazepine approved in the US in 1976 for seizures and in 1997 for panic disorder, with a 30-40 hour half-life, GABAergic mechanism, and boxed warnings for dependence and withdrawal.
Clonidine
Clonidine (Catapres, Kapvay) is a centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist developed at Boehringer Ingelheim in the 1960s as a nasal decongestant, now used for hypertension, ADHD, tics, and opioid withdrawal, with rebound hypertension on abrupt withdrawal.
Clonorchiasis
Clonorchiasis, or Chinese liver fluke disease, is infection by the trematode Clonorchis sinensis acquired from raw freshwater fish; endemic in East Asia, linked to cholangiocarcinoma, treated with praziquantel.
Clonus
Clonus: involuntary rhythmic muscle contractions from sudden passive tendon stretching, an upper motor neuron sign elicited by rapid ankle dorsiflexion; 5-8 Hz beats, sustained if over 10, treated with baclofen, cold, botulinum toxin, or phenol.
Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel (Plavix) is an oral P2Y12 platelet inhibitor prodrug activated mainly by CYP2C19, used with or instead of aspirin after MI, ischemic stroke, PCI, and in peripheral artery disease; boxed warning for CYP2C19 poor metabolizers.
Clorazepic acid
Clorazepic acid (clorazepate, Tranxene) is a water-soluble benzodiazepine prodrug, US-approved 1972, decarboxylated in the stomach to nordiazepam; used for anxiety, partial seizures, and alcohol withdrawal.
Closed Fracture Reduction
Closed fracture reduction: realigning a broken bone by manipulation without incision. Also called closed reduction or fracture reduction, closed. Used for distal radius, pediatric forearm, and femoral shaft nailing; higher union than open reduction but more malalignment and fluoroscopy.
Closed reduction
Closed reduction is a nonsurgical orthopedic procedure in which a fractured bone or dislocated joint is realigned by manual maneuver, usually followed by a cast or splint.