25,729 articles
Clinical and translational science
Clinical and translational science is the field that turns laboratory discoveries into clinical and public health applications, organized as T1-T4 translation steps, supported by NIH NCATS and the CTSA program, and served by the journal CTS since 2008.
Clinical anophthalmos
Clinical anophthalmos is the apparent complete absence of one or both eyes at birth; most cases actually retain residual ocular tissue, making them extreme microphthalmos.
Clinical Audit
Clinical audit: a healthcare quality improvement cycle measuring care against explicit evidence-based standards, implementing change, and re-auditing. Formalized in the UK 1989 White Paper; distinct from quality improvement and research.
Clinical biochemistry
Clinical biochemistry (clinical chemistry, chemical pathology): laboratory discipline analyzing blood, urine, and CSF for metabolites, hormones, electrolytes, and enzymes; rooted in Wöhler's 1828 urea synthesis; central to diagnosis, monitoring, and evidence-based laboratory medicine.
Clinical breast examination
Clinical breast examination (CBE) is a physical exam in which a trained health provider inspects and palpates the breasts, nipples, and lymph nodes to detect lumps and other abnormalities.
Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
Clinical cardiac electrophysiology (CCEP) is the cardiology subspecialty treating heart rhythm disorders via EP studies, catheter ablation, and pacemakers/ICDs; began 1967, first ablation 1981, now includes pulsed field ablation and competency-based 2026 training standards.
Clinical cardiology
Clinical cardiology is the non-surgical medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis, assessment, management, and prevention of heart and circulation disorders, including coronary disease and heart failure.
Clinical chemistry
Clinical chemistry: laboratory-medicine discipline measuring blood and urine analytes for diagnosis; roots in 19th-century medicine; US field organized by AACC/ADLM (founded 1948), whose flagship journal Clinical Chemistry (ISSN 0009-9147) launched 1955.
Clinical Chemistry Tests
Clinical chemistry tests measure analytes such as glucose, creatinine, and electrolytes in blood, urine, and other body fluids to assess health and organ function. Rooted in Wöhler's 1828 urea synthesis, the field uses reference intervals, quality standards, CLIA regulation, and traceability.
Clinical coding
Clinical coding, also known as medical coding, is the health information practice of translating patient-record diagnoses and procedures into standardized codes that drive hospital reimbursement and research.
Clinical Competence
Clinical competence is the capability to perform acceptably duties directly related to patient care (MeSH D002983). Assessed via OSCEs, workplace-based assessment, and CBME frameworks; structured by Miller's pyramid.
Clinical course and progression of ALS
The clinical course and progression of ALS covers how the disease begins, spreads, and is staged, with median survival of 2 to 4 years after symptom onset.
Clinical death
Clinical death is the reversible stage of dying after heartbeat and breathing stop, before brain cells irreversibly die; distinct from brain death. CPR and defibrillation can reverse it, rarely beyond 30 minutes except in hypothermia.
Clinical Dementia Rating
The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) is a clinician-rated scale that stages dementia severity from normal to severe across six cognitive and functional domains, introduced in 1982.
Clinical Enzyme Tests
Clinical enzyme tests are laboratory analyses measuring enzyme activity or levels in body fluids or tissues, used to assess disease risk, diagnose, and monitor disease.
Clinical Frailty Scale
The Clinical Frailty Scale is a 9-point bedside tool grading an older adult's frailty from very fit to terminally ill, developed in Canada and used in over 20 countries.
Clinical genetics
Clinical genetics: medical specialty for diagnosis, prevention, and management of genetic disorders via consultation, risk assessment, and counseling; established as a discipline in the 1950s.
Clinical Global Impression
Clinical Global Impression is a clinician-rated scale developed for NIMH-sponsored clinical trials. It records a rater's overall judgment of a patient's illness severity and change.
Clinical hyperandrogenism
Clinical hyperandrogenism (ICD-11 5A80.0) is the visible sign complex of androgen excess in women: hirsutism, acne, and androgenic alopecia. PCOS is the leading cause; virilization suggests tumor.
Clinical interview
A clinical interview is a conversational assessment method in which a trained interviewer questions a respondent about symptoms and life circumstances to arrive at psychiatric diagnoses.
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) are US federal statutes passed in 1988 that set quality standards for clinical laboratory testing on human specimens such as blood and tissue.
Clinical lycanthropy
Clinical lycanthropy is a rare delusional syndrome of believing one turns into a wolf, a wolf-specific form of zoanthropy; about 43 cases reported 1852–2020, mainly within schizophrenia, psychotic depression, and bipolar disorder.
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
Clinical Microbiology and Infection (CMI), ESCMID's official monthly journal founded 1995, published by Elsevier, ISSN 1198-743X; publishes infectious disease and clinical microbiology research, guidelines, Q1-ranked, impact factor reported between 8.7 and 14.2.
Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
Clinical Neurophysiology (ISSN 1388-2457) is the official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, published by Elsevier since 1949, formerly Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, covering research on nervous system pathophysiology.
Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale
The Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS) is an 11-item clinician-rated scale measuring opioid withdrawal severity, introduced by Wesson and Ling in 2003 and used to time buprenorphine treatment.
Clinical pathway
A clinical pathway, also known as a critical pathway or integrated care pathway, is a structured multidisciplinary plan of care standardizing diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring for a specific condition.
Clinical pharmacokinetics
Clinical pharmacokinetics: applying drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) principles to patient care and drug development; basis of therapeutic drug monitoring and model-informed precision dosing.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (CPT), founded 1960 by Walter Modell, is the monthly flagship journal of ASCPT, published by Wiley since 2015, covering therapeutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics, and drug evaluation.
Clinical prediction rule
A clinical prediction rule, also called a clinical decision rule, combines three or more predictors from history, examination, or simple tests to estimate diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment decisions for individual patients.
Clinical presentation and diagnosis of bradyarrhythmia
Bradyarrhythmia is an abnormally slow heart rhythm, below 60 beats per minute, caused by sinus node dysfunction or AV block, diagnosed by correlating symptoms with ECG findings.