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Congenital varus deformities of feet
Congenital varus deformities of feet: inward-turning foot deformities present at birth, including clubfoot (talipes equinovarus, ICD-10 Q66.0), talipes calcaneovarus, metatarsus varus, and other varus deformities coded Q66.3, treated mainly by the Ponseti method.
Congenital velopharyngeal incompetence
Congenital velopharyngeal incompetence (ORPHA:2291, OMIM 167500) is a rare autosomal dominant malformation: a short, immobile soft palate preventing velopharyngeal closure, causing hypernasal, delayed speech from the neonatal period.
Congenital vertical talus
Congenital vertical talus (CVT), or congenital convex pes valgus, is a rare rigid rocker-bottom flatfoot from fixed dorsal navicular dislocation on the talus, treated by reverse Ponseti casting and limited surgery.
Congenital viral hepatitis
Congenital viral hepatitis (ICD-10 P35.3; ICD-11 KA62.9) is neonatal liver inflammation from hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E virus acquired in utero or at birth, causing jaundice, lethargy, and failure to thrive, preventable by birth-dose vaccine and HBIG.
Congenitally uncorrected transposition of the great arteries
Congenitally uncorrected transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA, dextro-looped TGA, ORPHA:860) is a rare congenital heart malformation with atrioventricular concordance and ventriculoarterial discordance, causing neonatal cyanosis and requiring surgical repair.
Congestive hepatopathy
Congestive hepatopathy, also called cardiac hepatopathy, is liver injury from impaired hepatic venous outflow due to right-sided heart failure, Fontan physiology, or hepatic vein obstruction, progressing to fibrosis, cardiac cirrhosis, and HCC.
Congo red staining
Congo red staining is a histological dye method for detecting amyloid: Congo red binds amyloid fibrils in tissue sections, showing red staining and characteristic birefringence under crossed polarizers.
Conidiobolomycosis
Conidiobolomycosis, or rhinoentomophthoromycosis, is a rare chronic subcutaneous fungal infection of the nose and face caused by Conidiobolus coronatus, C. incongruus, or C. lamprauges, mainly in immunocompetent men in tropical regions.
Conivaptan
Conivaptan (Vaprisol, YM087) is an intravenous nonpeptide dual V1A/V2 vasopressin receptor antagonist approved by the FDA in 2005 for euvolemic hyponatremia in hospitalized patients; aquaretic, CYP3A4 substrate and inhibitor, common infusion site reactions.
Conization
Conization, or cone biopsy, is a gynecological surgical procedure that removes a cone-shaped sample of cervical tissue for histological examination, used mainly to diagnose and treat cervical precancer.
Conjoined twins
Conjoined twins are identical twins whose bodies remain joined after incomplete embryonic separation, occurring in about 1 in 50,000 to 60,000 births; first successfully separated in 1689 by Johannes Fatio in Basel.
Conjunctiva
Conjunctiva (tunica conjunctiva): transparent mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the sclera except the cornea; secretes tear mucus, guards against infection; affected by conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage.
Conjunctival malignant melanoma
Conjunctival malignant melanoma (conjunctival melanoma, Co-M) is a rare ocular surface cancer of conjunctival melanocytes, ~0.46 cases per million yearly, arising mostly from PAM/C-MIL, treated by no-touch excision with cryotherapy, recurring or metastasizing in a quarter to a third of patients.
Conjunctival scars
Conjunctival scars are permanent fibrous changes in the conjunctiva, the membrane covering the eye; with chronic inflammation the condition is cicatrizing conjunctivitis, with incidence about 1.3-1.5 per million.
Conjunctival vascular disorders
Conjunctival vascular disorders (ICD-11 9A61.4; conjunctival vascular disease) are disorders of conjunctival blood vessels, covering hyperemia, subconjunctival hemorrhage, and vascular tumors and malformations such as lymphangioma and hemangioma.
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis (pink eye) is inflammation of the conjunctiva causing red, discharging eyes; mainly viral (~80% of infectious cases), bacterial, or allergic; contagious viral and bacterial forms usually self-resolve.
Conjunctivitis due to adenovirus
Conjunctivitis due to adenovirus (adenoviral conjunctivitis, ICD-11 1D84.0), the leading infectious conjunctivitis worldwide, includes pharyngoconjunctival fever and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (HAdV types 8, 19, 37, 54), a self-limited but highly contagious disease with corneal subepithelial infiltrates.
Conjunctivochalasis
Conjunctivochalasis (CCH), also called conjunctival chalasis, is a loose, redundant folding of the bulbar conjunctiva, typically bilateral and inferior, mainly from aging, causing tear film instability, irritation, and epiphora; treated with lubricants, anti-inflammatories, or conjunctival excision or cauterization.
CONNECT trial (NCT00636675)
CONNECT trial (NCT00636675), or CONNECT for Quality, a Duke University cluster-randomized trial in 24 US nursing homes testing whether CONNECT staff-interaction training improved the FALLS quality improvement program; it modestly improved communication but did not reduce fall rates.
Connective tissue disease
Connective tissue disease covers over 200 disorders of the body's structural matrix: autoimmune systemic rheumatic diseases (SLE, systemic sclerosis, Sjögren's, myositis, MCTD) and hereditary disorders (Marfan, Ehlers-Danlos), covering classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prognosis.
Connective tissue hamartoma
Connective tissue hamartoma (connective tissue nevus, ICD-11 LC20): benign disorganized dermal overgrowth of collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans, sometimes syndromic (Buschke-Ollendorff, Proteus, tuberous sclerosis, MEN1), treated with steroids, excision, or monitoring.
Connectivity mapping
Connectivity mapping is a bioinformatics method that matches gene expression signatures against a reference database to find drugs or disease states with similar or opposite effects.
Connectome
Connectome: the complete map of neural connections in a nervous system, coined by Sporns and Hagmann in 2005. Studied at micro, meso, and macroscales via tractography and fMRI; central to the Human Connectome Project.
Connectomics
Connectomics: neuroscience field mapping complete neural wiring diagrams (connectomes), coined 2005 by Sporns and Hagmann; spans dMRI tractography in humans, EM datasets like FlyWire (139,255 fly neurons) and MICrONS, and the Human Connectome Project.
Conrad Murray
Conrad Murray, Grenadian-born former cardiologist and Michael Jackson's personal physician on the This Is It tour; convicted of involuntary manslaughter November 7, 2011 for administering propofol as a sleep aid; served two years of a four-year sentence, released 2013.
Conscious sedation
Conscious sedation, now formally called moderate sedation/analgesia, is a drug-induced depression of consciousness in which the patient responds to verbal commands and maintains ventilation, used in most endoscopic procedures.
Consciousness
Consciousness, also called subjective or phenomenal experience, is the presence of first-person experience; studied via global workspace, IIT, and higher-order theories, with neural correlates and clinical disorders of consciousness.
Consciousness Monitors
Consciousness monitors, also called depth-of-anesthesia or brain function monitors (BIS, Entropy, PSI, Narcotrend), are EEG-based devices that assess a patient's level of consciousness during anesthesia, outputting a 0-100 index used to prevent intraoperative awareness and guide anesthetic titration.
Consecutive case series
A consecutive case series is an observational clinical study design in which all eligible patients over a defined period are enrolled and their outcomes described, with no control group.
Consequences of the Black Death
Consequences of the Black Death: the 1347–1353 Yersinia pestis pandemic killed 30–60% of affected populations, then raised wages, helped end western European serfdom, drove the Little and Great Divergences, and reshaped religion, art, and the state.