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Conservative Treatment
Conservative treatment (conservative management, conservative therapy) is non-surgical care of a condition using exercise, physical therapy, medication, bracing, and injections, usually tried before surgery; comparative trials show similar function to surgery for many musculoskeletal conditions.
Consolidation Chemotherapy
Consolidation chemotherapy (also called intensification or postremission therapy) is treatment given after induction puts cancer into remission, to kill remaining cells. Standard in acute leukemia; in myeloma and solid tumors its survival benefit varies by disease.
CONSORT statement
The CONSORT statement (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) is a reporting guideline for randomized controlled trial reports, endorsed by more than 400 journals since 1996; the current version is CONSORT 2025.
Constantine the African
Constantine the African (Constantinus Africanus, d. by 1098/9), North African monk of Monte Cassino who translated Arabic medical works into Latin, including the Pantegni from al-Majusi's Kitab al-Malaki and the Viaticum from Ibn al-Jazzar, founding Latin medieval medicine.
Constipation
Constipation: infrequent (under three weekly), hard, or painful bowel movements with incomplete emptying. Affects 10-15% of people; treated with fiber, fluids, exercise, then laxatives per AGA-ACG guidance.
Constitutional delay of growth and puberty
Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP), also called self-limited delayed puberty, is a benign, familial variant of pubertal timing: delayed bone age, late but spontaneous puberty, most common cause of delayed puberty in boys.
Constitutional eosinophilia
Constitutional eosinophilia, also called familial hypereosinophilia, is a hereditary persistent rise in blood eosinophils; ICD-11 code 4B03.0 under Eosinophilia (4B03), Diseases of the immune system, distinct from acquired eosinophilia 4B03.1.
Constitutional hirsutism
Constitutional hirsutism, now called idiopathic hirsutism, is male-pattern excess hair growth in women with normal ovulation, normal serum androgens, and normal ovaries; attributed to local follicle androgen sensitivity, it accounts for 5-20% of hirsutism.
Constitutional megaloblastic anemia with severe neurologic disease
Constitutional megaloblastic anemia with severe neurologic disease, also called DHFR deficiency, is an autosomal recessive folate-metabolism disorder (OMIM 613839) causing megaloblastic anemia, cerebral folate deficiency, seizures, and developmental delay, treatable with folinic acid.
Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome
Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD, bMMRD) syndrome: rare autosomal recessive childhood cancer-predisposition syndrome from biallelic MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2 variants, causing brain, hematologic, and gastrointestinal cancers with NF1-like skin features.
Constitutional tall stature
Constitutional tall stature (familial tall stature, 体質性高身長, ICD-11 5B12, ICD-10-CM E34.4): a benign normal-variant height more than 2 SD above age and sex mean, the most common cause of tall stature, diagnosed by excluding gigantism, Marfan, and endocrine causes.
Constrained spherical deconvolution
Constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) is a diffusion MRI method introduced in 2007 that estimates fiber orientation distributions in the brain, using a non-negativity constraint and implemented in MRtrix3.
Constraint-induced movement therapy
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT, CI therapy) is a UAB-developed neurorehabilitation treatment overcoming learned nonuse after stroke: shaping practice, mitt restraint of the unaffected limb, and a transfer package.
Constrictive pericarditis
Constrictive pericarditis: fibrotic, often calcified pericardium restricts ventricular filling, causing right heart failure. Causes include idiopathic/viral, cardiac surgery, radiation, tuberculosis; pericardiectomy is the only cure.
Constructive interference steady-state (MRI)
Constructive interference in steady state (CISS) is a 3D MRI gradient-echo sequence used chiefly to image the inner ear and cranial nerves, sold by GE as FIESTA-C.
Consumer neurotechnology industry
The consumer neurotechnology industry sells non-implanted, non-clinical devices, mostly wireless EEG headsets and headphones, for sleep tracking, meditation, focus monitoring, and gaming, sold as consumer electronics rather than medical devices.
Consumer Product Safety
Consumer product safety: regulatory measures and standards ensuring non-food consumer goods are safe. Covers the U.S. CPSC (CPSA 1972, CPSIA 2008), EU GPSR, and 2025 UN principles.
Consumption of Tide Pods
Consumption of Tide Pods is the ingestion of liquid laundry detergent packets, mainly by young children and, during the 2018 Tide Pod challenge, by teenagers.
Contact dermatitis
Contact dermatitis, also called contact eczema, is skin inflammation from contact with irritants or allergens, divided into irritant (ICD) and allergic (ACD) types, diagnosed by history and patch testing, a method dating to Jadassohn's 1895 description.
Contact gingivostomatitis
Contact gingivostomatitis (ICD-11 DA02.3) is inflammation of the gums and oral mucosa from contact with irritants or allergens, split into allergic (type IV) and irritant subtypes, caused by metals, acrylates, and flavorings.
Contact lens
Contact lens: thin corrective, cosmetic, or smart lens worn on the eye; soft and RGP types; first corrective lenses 1888 (Fick, Kalt), hydrogel 1959, disposables 1982, silicone hydrogel 1999; over 140 million wearers.
Contact lens-associated corneal infiltrates
Contact lens-associated corneal infiltrates, also called corneal infiltrative events, are white inflammatory cell aggregates in the cornea of lens wearers; distinguishing sterile infiltrates from microbial keratitis drives urgent management.
Contact tracing
Contact tracing is a public health method that identifies people exposed to an infectious disease case, then monitors, tests, or supports them to interrupt onward transmission.
Contact urticaria
Contact urticaria (CU), also called contact urticaria syndrome with protein contact dermatitis, is an immediate wheal-and-flare skin reaction minutes after contact with an agent, either IgE-mediated immunologic or nonimmunologic, common occupationally (latex, foods).
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, a contagious bacterial disease of cattle and water buffalo, attacks the lungs and pleura and remains endemic in parts of sub-Saharan Africa after eradication from most continents.
Contaminated haemophilia blood products
Contaminated haemophilia blood products: plasma-derived Factor VIII and IX concentrates that transmitted HIV and hepatitis C to thousands, mainly in the 1970s–80s UK infected blood scandal.
Conteltinib
Conteltinib (CT-707, 康特替尼, brand 首要泽) is Shouyao Holdings' second-generation ALK/FAK/Pyk2/IGF-1R inhibitor for ALK-positive NSCLC, approved by China's NMPA on June 10, 2026 as the first granule-formulation ALK inhibitor after a phase 3 win over crizotinib.
Continent Urinary Reservoirs
Continent urinary reservoirs (Kock, Indiana, Mainz pouches; orthotopic neobladder) are surgically created intestinal pouches that store urine after cystectomy and are emptied by catheterization, avoiding an external bag.
Contingency management
Contingency management is a behavioral treatment for substance use disorders that delivers vouchers, gift cards, or prize draws when drug tests verify abstinence, ranked best for stimulant use disorder.
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is a home dialysis for kidney failure in which the peritoneal membrane filters waste as patients manually exchange fluid several times daily, without a machine.