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Controlled ventilation
Controlled ventilation is a mode of mechanical ventilation in which the ventilator delivers every timed breath regardless of patient effort, used in apneic or paralyzed patients.
Controlling nutritional status score
The Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score is a laboratory screening tool that quantifies malnutrition from three routine blood tests: serum albumin, total cholesterol, and total lymphocyte count.
Controversies in autism
Controversies in autism: disputes over rising prevalence (1 in 31 U.S. children, 2025 CDC), the refuted vaccine-autism myth from Wakefield's 1998 Lancet paper, neurodiversity versus the medical model, and ABA therapy ethics.
Contusion of abdominal wall
Contusion of abdominal wall (ICD-10 S30.11, ICD-11 NB50.3): blunt soft-tissue bruise of the abdominal wall muscles without significant internal injury, caused by direct force such as a fist, foot, or seatbelt; treated with ice, rest, and analgesics.
Contusion of ankle
Contusion of ankle (ICD-11 ND11.1) is a superficial bruising injury of ankle soft tissue from a direct blow, causing pain, swelling, and bruising, managed with PRICE care and Ottawa Ankle Rules screening for fracture.
Contusion of bladder
Contusion of bladder (ICD-11 NB92.20) is a bruise of the bladder wall, AAST grade 1, the most common and least severe bladder injury; it is a diagnosis of exclusion in hematuria after blunt trauma and needs only observation.
Contusion of breast
Contusion of breast (ICD-10 S20.0; ICD-11 NA80.1) is a breast bruise from blunt trauma crushing superficial vessels without breaking skin, causing pain, swelling, and ecchymosis that usually resolve within 21 days; complications include hematoma and fat necrosis.
Contusion of elbow
Contusion of elbow (elbow bruise; ICD-10 S50.0, ICD-11 NC30.1): a closed soft-tissue injury from a direct blow, causing pain, swelling, and skin discoloration; heals in days to weeks with ice and elevation.
Contusion of hip
Contusion of hip, or hip pointer, is a bruise of the iliac crest or greater trochanter from a direct blow, common in football and hockey, treated with ice, compression, and rest, with return to activity in 2 to 3 weeks.
Contusion of knee
Contusion of knee (patellar contusion, superficial bruising of knee): a bruise from direct impact damaging small knee blood vessels. Treated with RICE/PRICE; mild cases heal in days to weeks, bone bruises in months; ICD-10 S80.0, ICD-11 NC90.1.
Contusion of liver
Contusion of liver is a bruise of the liver in which blunt force causes bleeding and swelling within the liver while its capsule stays intact, without a laceration.
Contusion of scalp
Contusion of scalp (scalp bruise; ICD-10 S00.03, ICD-11 NA00.01) is a bruise where scalp blood vessels tear but skin stays intact; usually minor, but in infants it can signal skull fracture or intracranial injury.
Contusion of thigh
Contusion of thigh (quadriceps contusion, charley horse, dead leg): a bruise of upper-leg soft tissue from a direct blunt blow, graded 1 to 3, treated with RICE and early flexion immobilization; ICD-10 S70.1.
Contusion of thorax
Contusion of thorax (ICD-11 NA80.6) is a blunt-force bruise of the chest wall soft tissues without bony injury, often with delayed bruise marks and pain on breathing; it may signal deeper injuries such as pulmonary contusion or rib fractures.
Contusion of toe
Contusion of toe: a bruising injury of a toe from direct trauma such as stubbing, without fracture. Also called a bruised toe; distinguished from fracture by axial loading test, treated with rest, ice, and painkillers.
Conus medullaris
Conus medullaris: the cone-shaped tapered end of the spinal cord, terminating around L1 (range T12-L3) in adults. Key facts: embryonic ascent, tethered cord thresholds, lumbar puncture safety, conus medullaris syndrome.
CONUT score
The CONUT score (CONtrolling NUTritional status) is a screening tool rating malnutrition risk from three routine blood tests: albumin, lymphocyte count, and cholesterol, scored 0 to 12.
Convalescent Hospitals
Convalescent hospitals are facilities providing care after an acute illness until health is restored; in the US the term now means skilled nursing facilities, historically Scottish homes and WWII Army hospitals, today compared with IRFs for rehabilitation.
Convalescent plasma therapy
Convalescent plasma therapy is a transfusion treatment giving plasma from recovered donors to patients with the same infection, transferring antibodies that provide passive immunity to aid recovery.
Conveglipron (卡维列隆)
Conveglipron (卡维列隆, HDM1002) is Huadong Medicine's oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor full agonist for weight management and type 2 diabetes; its Chinese phase 3 trial showed 12.2% weight loss at 52 weeks with 400 mg once daily.
Conventional angiography
Conventional angiography is the X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast agent through a catheter, allowing diagnosis and treatment such as angioplasty in one sitting.
Conventional laparoscopy
Conventional laparoscopy is a multiport minimally invasive surgical technique using a rigid camera and instruments through small incisions, largely replacing open surgery since the early 1990s.
Conventional radiography
Conventional radiography is an imaging method that passes X-rays through a patient onto film or a digital detector, producing two-dimensional images used to diagnose disease.
Convergence insufficiency
Convergence insufficiency (CI), a common binocular vision disorder in which the eyes fail to converge at near, causing eye strain, blurred or double vision, and headaches; treated most effectively with office-based vergence/accommodative vision therapy.
Convergence-retraction nystagmus
Convergence-retraction nystagmus (CRN, 輻輳後退眼振, ICD-11 9C84.52) is a nystagmus-like ocular oscillation of rapid convergent and globe-retracting movements on attempted upgaze, caused by dorsal midbrain lesions and characteristic of Parinaud syndrome.
Conversion disorder
Conversion disorder, or functional neurological symptom disorder (FND), causes neurological symptoms like weakness, tremor, and seizures without structural disease; diagnosed by positive signs such as the Hoover sign, historically called hysteria.
Conversion surgery
Conversion surgery is an oncology strategy in which initially unresectable cancer, mainly colorectal liver metastases, pancreatic, gastric, or liver cancer, becomes removable after systemic therapy and undergoes curative resection.
Conversion therapy
Conversion therapy, also called reparative therapy or SOCE/GICE, attempts to change a person's sexual orientation or gender identity. It lacks efficacy, is linked to depression and suicide risk, and is banned in Malta, Germany, France, and other states.
Conversion to Open Surgery
Conversion to open surgery: abandoning a laparoscopic or robotic procedure for an open operation. Rates range from about 6% to 23% by procedure; risk factors include adhesions, obesity, and prior surgery.
Convulsion
Convulsion: sudden, violent involuntary muscle contractions causing rapid rhythmic shaking, also called a fit or attack; seen in tonic-clonic epileptic seizures, childhood fever, syncope, and drug or alcohol abuse.