Human health and medicine

Convulsive status epilepticus

Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE, ICD-11 8A66.0) is generalized tonic-clonic seizure activity lasting 5 minutes or more or recurring without recovery, a neurological emergency treated first with benzodiazepines, with mortality up to 30% in adults.

Sep 29, 2026

Convulsive therapy

Convulsive therapy is a class of psychiatric treatments that deliberately induce a seizure to relieve severe depression, mania, or catatonia, with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) the dominant form.

COOBA trial

COOBA (NCT04112251), Effects of COcoa Supplement in OBese Adolescent Subjects: Mexican randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 500 mg cocoa flavonol capsules (100 mg/day epicatechin) for 12 weeks in obese adolescents aged 10–16, measuring body fat, TG/HDL-C, and HOMA-IR; completed 2020, sponsor National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico.

Cooks syndrome

Cooks syndrome (anonychia-onychodystrophy with hypoplasia or absence of distal phalanges, ODP, OMIM 106995) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant congenital disorder of nails and distal phalanges, linked to 17q24.3/SOX9 regulatory duplications, with fewer than 20 reported cases.

Cool-Down Exercise (procedure)

Cool-down exercise: a procedure of tapering physical activity from vigorous to light after exercise, also called warm-down. Active cool-downs speed blood lactate clearance and cardiovascular recovery but do not reduce soreness or injuries.

Sep 29, 2026

Cooled radiofrequency ablation

Cooled radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive pain treatment using a water-cooled electrode to create larger nerve lesions, used for sacroiliac, facet, and knee pain.

Coombs test

Coombs test, or antiglobulin test (direct DAT, indirect IAT), detects non-agglutinating antibodies against red blood cells using antihuman globulin; described by Coombs, Mourant, and Race in 1945 for Rh antibodies, used in hemolytic anemia, transfusion testing, and hemolytic disease of the newborn.

COOP-DANCE trial

COOP-DANCE (NCT06644690) was a Turkish assessor-blinded pilot RCT testing CO-OP occupational therapy plus creative dance versus CO-OP alone in 26 older adults with mild cognitive impairment; no executive-function benefit.

Cooper test

Cooper test, or Cooper 12-minute run, devised by Kenneth H. Cooper in 1968 for the US Air Force; distance covered in 12 minutes estimates VO2max (original correlation 0.897), with a 1.5-mile run variant.

Cooper's ligaments

Cooper's ligaments, the suspensory ligaments of the breast (ligamenta suspensoria), are collagenous strands described by Astley Cooper in 1840 that tether the breast skin to the pectoral fascia, providing support, shape, and skin tethering in cancer.

Copanlisib

Copanlisib (Aliqopa, BAY 80-6946) is an intravenous PI3K-alpha/delta inhibitor approved by FDA in 2017 for relapsed follicular lymphoma; approval was withdrawn in March 2024 after CHRONOS-4 failed.

COPD trial (NCT03773809)

NCT03773809, a completed blinded randomized trial at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, tested 40,000 IU vitamin D3 versus placebo for heart rate variability in vitamin D-deficient asthma-COPD overlap patients, with published improvements in HRV.

COPD-LTOT trial

COPD-LTOT (NCT03020212) is a completed randomized trial by Fundación Neumológica Colombiana testing long-term oxygen therapy in 220 COPD patients with PaO2 50–55 mm Hg living at 2,640 m in Bogotá, evaluating adjusted oxygen criteria via pulmonary hypertension and erythrocytosis outcomes.

COPDGene study

COPDGene (Genetic Epidemiology of COPD) study: NHLBI-funded US multicenter cohort of over 10,000 smokers (NCT00608764) begun 2007, using spirometry, genome-wide genotyping, and inspiratory/expiratory CT to find genetic factors and phenotypes of COPD.

Copper Cu-64 SAR-bisPSMA

Copper Cu 64 SAR-bisPSMA (64Cu-SAR-bisPSMA) is a bivalent PSMA-targeting PET radiotracer with a sarcophagine chelator and 12.7-hour Cu-64 half-life, developed by Clarity Pharmaceuticals for prostate cancer imaging and paired with Cu-67 for therapy.

Copper deficiency anaemia

Copper deficiency anaemia (anaemia due to copper deficiency, ICD-11 3A03.3, ICD-10 E61.0) is a conditioned form of iron deficiency anaemia caused by impaired iron utilization, with anemia, neutropenia, and bone or neurologic features.

Copper IUD

Copper IUD (Cu-IUD, copper intrauterine device): hormone-free T-shaped uterine contraceptive releasing copper ions toxic to sperm; over 99% effective, lasts 10–12 years, and is the most effective emergency contraception within 5 days of unprotected sex.

Coprolalia

Coprolalia: involuntary utterance of obscene or socially inappropriate words, mainly a complex vocal tic of Tourette syndrome; affects about 10-15% of patients, not required for diagnosis, also seen after stroke, encephalitis, or in frontotemporal dementia.

Coprophilia

Coprophilia: sexual arousal from viewing, smelling, or handling feces; a DSM-5 other specified paraphilic disorder, distinct from coprophagia, first categorized by Austrian psychiatrists in the 1870s.

Cor triatriatum

Cor triatriatum: rare congenital heart defect, also called cor triatriatum sinister or dexter, in which a fibromuscular membrane divides an atrium into three chambers; about 0.1% of congenital heart disease, treated by surgical membrane resection.

Cor triatriatum dexter

Cor triatriatum dexter (cor triatriatum dextrum, CTD): rare congenital heart defect in which a persistent right sinus venosus valve membrane divides the right atrium into two chambers, causing cyanosis, dyspnoea, or right heart failure, often with atrial septal defect.

Sep 29, 2026

Coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction

Coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction is surgery that restores the conoid and trapezoid ligaments between the clavicle and coracoid, usually with a tendon graft, to treat acromioclavicular joint dislocation.

Coracoid process

Coracoid process: hook-shaped projection of the scapula, the shoulder's "lighthouse" landmark; anchors pectoralis minor, biceps short head, coracobrachialis and four ligaments; graft source in Latarjet instability surgery.

Corbevax

Corbevax (BECOV-2) is a patent-free recombinant protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine using SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen from Baylor/Texas Children's, made by Biological E in India, with alum and CpG1018 adjuvants, WHO EUL January 2024.

CORC LTO study

CORC LTO study (NCT05394025), a VA Office of Research and Development observational study comparing long-term COVID-19 outcomes in infected versus matched uninfected Veterans using EHR, Medicare, survey, and interview data; started 2022, completed June 2024, 479 enrolled.