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Endonasal resection
Endonasal resection is a neurosurgical and otolaryngology technique that removes pituitary, skull base, and sinus tumors through the nasal cavity, usually with an endoscope, via modular corridors such as the transsphenoidal route.
Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis: purulent intraocular inflammation of vitreous and aqueous, usually infectious; exogenous or endogenous. Treated with intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime, with vitrectomy guided by the 1995 EVS trial.
EndoPredict
EndoPredict is an RNA-based prognostic test for ER-positive, HER2-negative early breast cancer that measures 12 genes in tumor tissue to estimate distant recurrence risk and guide decisions about adjuvant chemotherapy.
Endoprosthetic reconstruction
Endoprosthetic reconstruction replaces bone and joint segments resected for musculoskeletal tumors with modular metal megaprostheses, restoring skeletal continuity and limb function as an alternative to amputation.
Endorphins
Endorphins are endogenous opioid peptides, chiefly beta-endorphin from POMC, binding mu and other opioid receptors; discovered after the 1975 enkephalin finding, they modulate pain, reward, stress, and exercise effects.
Endoscopes
Endoscopes: rigid or flexible tubular medical devices with illumination for viewing and operating inside body cavities. Key names: Bozzini's Lichtleiter, Desormeaux's endoscope, fibreoptic and CCD endoscopes; rigid scopes steam-sterilize, flexible scopes need high-level disinfection.
Endoscopic biopsy
Endoscopic biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which small tissue samples are removed through an endoscope's working channel and examined microscopically to detect inflammation, dysplasia, and cancer.
Endoscopic carpal tunnel release
Endoscopic carpal tunnel release is a hand operation in which an endoscope guides cutting of the transverse carpal ligament, relieving median nerve compression in carpal tunnel syndrome.
Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery
Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS), or combined intrarenal surgery, is a urological technique for large or complex kidney stones using simultaneous percutaneous and retrograde ureteroscopic access.
Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy
Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is surgery that uses an endoscope to create a new tear drainage pathway from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity, relieving epiphora and dacryocystitis.
Endoscopic discectomy
Endoscopic discectomy is a minimally invasive spine operation that removes herniated disc material compressing a nerve root through a small endoscope, most often for lumbar disc herniation.
Endoscopic ear surgery
Endoscopic ear surgery is an otolaryngology technique using a rigid endoscope passed through the ear canal to operate on middle ear structures, replacing the microscope and avoiding external incisions.
Endoscopic endonasal surgery
Endoscopic endonasal surgery is a minimally invasive technique in which neurosurgeons and ENT surgeons reach skull base lesions through the nostrils with a rigid endoscope, avoiding brain retraction.
Endoscopic eradication therapy
Endoscopic eradication therapy (EET) treats Barrett's esophagus and related neoplasia by resecting visible dysplastic lesions and ablating remaining Barrett's mucosa, aiming to prevent esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Endoscopic hemostasis
Endoscopic hemostasis is the set of injection, thermal, mechanical, and topical techniques delivered through an endoscope to stop gastrointestinal bleeding, most often bleeding peptic ulcers.
Endoscopic lung volume reduction
Endoscopic lung volume reduction, also called bronchoscopic lung volume reduction, is a bronchoscopic procedure that collapses the most emphysematous lung regions to treat severe COPD.
Endoscopic mucosal resection
Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a minimally invasive endoscopic technique that removes flat or sessile gastrointestinal neoplasms by injecting fluid to lift the lesion, then cutting it off with a snare.
Endoscopic necrosectomy
Endoscopic necrosectomy is the endoscopic removal of infected or dead tissue from walled-off pancreatic necrosis through the gastric or duodenal wall, performed under endoscopic ultrasound guidance with sedation or anesthesia.
Endoscopic papillectomy
Endoscopic papillectomy is an endoscopic procedure that removes benign tumors of the ampulla of Vater, the junction of the bile and pancreatic ducts with the duodenum, as a less invasive alternative to surgical resection.
Endoscopic pituitary surgery
Endoscopic pituitary surgery is a minimally invasive neurosurgical technique that removes pituitary tumors through the nose, first reported in 1992 and now favored at many pituitary centers.
Endoscopic pyloromyotomy
Endoscopic pyloromyotomy, known as gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM), is a scarless endoscopic procedure that divides the pyloric muscle to treat refractory gastroparesis, first performed in 2013.
Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy
Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy (ERAT) is a colonoscopic procedure treating uncomplicated appendicitis by removing fecaliths and draining pus to preserve the appendix, first reported in 2012.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) is an endoscopic technique, performed within ERCP, in which contrast injected into the bile or pancreatic ducts shows stones, strictures, and tumors.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat bile and pancreatic duct disease. Developed in 1968 by McCune; now mainly therapeutic, with 6-15% adverse event rates.
Endoscopic sinus surgery
Endoscopic sinus surgery, also known as functional endoscopic sinus surgery, is a minimally invasive operation performed through the nostrils to open blocked sinus drainage pathways, mainly for chronic rhinosinusitis.
Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty is a minimally invasive bariatric procedure that reshapes the stomach into a narrow tube with endoscopic sutures, reducing its volume by about 70% to 80%.
Endoscopic sphincterotomy
Endoscopic sphincterotomy, also called endoscopic papillotomy, is an ERCP procedure that cuts the sphincter of Oddi to widen the bile duct opening for stone removal and drainage.
Endoscopic spinal surgery
Endoscopic spinal surgery is a minimally invasive technique for lumbar disc herniation and stenosis, using a thin working-channel endoscope through a small incision, with faster early recovery than microdiscectomy.
Endoscopic spine surgery
Endoscopic spine surgery is a minimally invasive technique in which a small working-channel endoscope removes herniated disc material and decompresses narrowed spinal canals through incisions of about 0.8 cm.
Endoscopic thyroidectomy
Endoscopic thyroidectomy is a surgical technique that removes all or part of the thyroid gland using an endoscope and remote incisions, avoiding the open collar scar.