Human health and medicine

Endoscopic tympanoplasty

Endoscopic tympanoplasty is a surgical technique in otolaryngology that repairs a perforated eardrum using an endoscope instead of a microscope, with comparable outcomes, less pain, and no external incision.

Endoscopic ultrasonography

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is an imaging technique combining a flexible endoscope with an ultrasound transducer at its tip, imaging the gut wall layer by layer and nearby organs.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure in which an endoscope with an ultrasound probe guides a fine needle into pancreatic and nearby lesions.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE) is an endoscopic procedure that creates a stomach-to-small-intestine bypass with a lumen-apposing metal stent, used mainly to relieve gastric outlet obstruction caused by unresectable cancer.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) samples liver tissue through a needle passed down an echoendoscope, reaching both lobes and avoiding vessels and bowel under real-time Doppler.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) is a minimally invasive procedure that destroys pancreatic and gastrointestinal tumors by delivering radiofrequency energy through a needle electrode under endoscopic ultrasound guidance.

Endoscopic vacuum therapy

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT), also called endoluminal vacuum therapy or Endovac, is an endoscopic treatment that closes gastrointestinal leaks, perforations, and anastomotic dehiscence with a sponge under negative pressure.

Endoscopy

Endoscopy: visual examination of internal organs with a lighted, camera-bearing tube. Spans Bozzini's 1806 Lichtleiter, Schindler's 1932 semiflexible gastroscope, Hirschowitz's 1957 fiberscope, video and capsule endoscopy, reprocessing, and AI-assisted diagnosis.

Endosteal hyperostosis, Worth type

Endosteal hyperostosis, Worth type (Worth syndrome, LRP5 high bone mass, OMIM 144750) is a rare autosomal dominant bone dysplasia causing diffuse skeletal densification of the skull and long bones without increased fracture risk; onset in adolescence, neurological involvement in about 19%.

Endosurgery-02 trial

Endosurgery-02 (NCT07317609, ChiCTR2500095911) is a phase 1 single-arm trial at Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital testing neoadjuvant tislelizumab, carboplatin, and nab-paclitaxel followed by organ-preserving endoscopic resection in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Endotamponade

Endotamponade: intraocular gas (air, SF6, C2F6, C3F8) or silicone oil used in vitreoretinal surgery to seal retinal breaks until retinopexy; gases resorb in days to weeks, oil is permanent until removed.

Endothelial keratoplasty

Endothelial keratoplasty (EK) is a sutureless corneal transplant replacing only the cornea's inner layers, done as DSEK, DSAEK, or DMEK, chiefly for Fuchs endothelial dystrophy.

Endothelium

Endothelium: the single layer of endothelial cells lining all blood vessels and lymphatics; term coined by Wilhelm His in 1865; a dynamic organ regulating vascular tone, permeability, hemostasis, inflammation, and angiogenesis, with dysfunction central to atherosclerosis.

Endotracheal anesthesia

Endotracheal anesthesia is general anesthesia in which anesthetic gases or vapors are delivered through a tube placed in the trachea, preventing airway obstruction and aspiration during surgery.

Endovascular aneurysm repair

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), also called stent-graft repair including TEVAR and fenestrated/branched EVAR, treats aortic aneurysms via femoral access; lower perioperative mortality than open repair but higher reintervention, endoleak, and lifelong surveillance.

Endovascular coiling

Endovascular coiling is a minimally invasive procedure that fills a brain aneurysm sac with detachable platinum coils delivered through a catheter, the main alternative to surgical clipping.

Endovascular Procedures

Endovascular procedures (intravascular, endovascular techniques) are minimally invasive catheter-based procedures inside blood vessels for diagnosis and treatment: angioplasty, stenting, thrombectomy, embolization, EVAR; lower early morbidity than open surgery but more reinterventions.

Endovascular reconstruction

Endovascular reconstruction is a minimally invasive treatment in which catheter-delivered stents and flow diverters rebuild a diseased or aneurysmal blood vessel from inside, excluding the aneurysm while preserving flow.

Endovascular thrombectomy for ischemic stroke

Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), or mechanical thrombectomy, removes clots causing large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke via catheter devices (stent retriever or aspiration). Established by 2015 trials; 2026 AHA/ASA guideline extends windows and eligibility.

Endovenous ablation

Endovenous ablation, including endovenous laser ablation, is a minimally invasive procedure using laser, radiofrequency, or steam energy to permanently close incompetent veins, treating varicose veins.

Endovenous laser treatment

Endovenous laser treatment (EVLT, EVLA) is a minimally invasive, local-anesthetic day procedure sealing incompetent leg veins with intravenous laser heat, first performed in Spain in 1998 with an 810-nm diode laser; occlusion exceeds 90% and matches surgery with fewer complications.

Endurance

Endurance: the capacity to sustain prolonged physical effort, determined by VO2max, lactate threshold, and efficiency; shaped by mitochondrial adaptations, fatigue mechanisms, and WHO activity guidelines (150-300 min/week).

Endurance Training (procedure)

Endurance training as a pastime: long-duration, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (running, cycling, swimming) to raise VO2max and stamina; polarized or pyramidal intensity distribution, 150 min weekly health baseline.