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Friedreich's ataxia
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive ataxia from GAA repeat expansion in FXN causing frataxin deficiency; features gait ataxia, areflexia, cardiomyopathy, diabetes; omaveloxolone (Skyclarys) is the first approved drug.
Friedrich Ritter (physician)
Friedrich Ritter (1886–1934), German physician and psychosomatic specialist from Berlin, settled Floreana in the Galápagos with Dore Strauch in 1929; his Nietzschean utopia ended in the unsolved 1934 Galápagos Affair and his death, presumably botulism.
Fritz Klein
Fritz Klein, born Fred Klein, was an Austrian-born American psychiatrist and bisexual activist who wrote The Bisexual Option and created the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.
FROG-ICU study
The FROG-ICU study was a French and Belgian observational cohort study following ICU survivors for one year, finding that 21% died and that discharge biomarkers predicted the risk.
Front of the Class
Front of the Class is a 2008 Hallmark Channel TV movie directed by Peter Werner, starring James Wolk as teacher Brad Cohen, whose Tourette syndrome did not stop him from winning a Georgia teaching award.
Frontal fibrosing alopecia
Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), a primary lymphocytic cicatricial alopecia first described by Kossard in 1994, causes progressive frontotemporal hairline recession and eyebrow loss, now the most common scarring alopecia worldwide, treated with 5-ARIs and potent topical steroids.
Frontal lobe
Frontal lobe: anterior lobe of each cerebral hemisphere containing primary motor cortex, Broca's area, and prefrontal cortex; supports movement, expressive language, and divided prefrontal functions, not disproportionately enlarged in humans versus apes.
Frontal lobe disorder
Frontal lobe disorder, often called frontal lobe syndrome, is an impairment of brain function from damage to the frontal lobes, causing disinhibition, personality change, and impaired judgment.
Frontofacionasal dysplasia
Frontofacionasal dysplasia (FFND), also called Gollop syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder marked by congenital craniofacial malformations including hypertelorism, midface underdevelopment, and cleft lip or palate.
Frontometaphyseal dysplasia
Frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD, ORPHA:1826) is a rare congenital skeletal dysplasia with supraorbital hyperostosis, hand contractures, scoliosis, and hearing loss; caused by gain-of-function FLNA (X-linked) or MAP3K7/TAB2 (autosomal dominant) mutations.
Frontonasal dysplasia-alopecia-genital anomalies syndrome
Frontonasal dysplasia-alopecia-genital anomalies syndrome (FND type 2, ALX4-related, OMIM 613451): autosomal recessive disorder with coronal craniosynostosis, skull defects, hypertelorism, bifid nose, total alopecia, hypogonadism, and mild-moderate intellectual disability.
Frontonasal dysplasia-severe microphthalmia-severe facial clefting syndrome
A rare genetic disorder, also called frontonasal dysplasia type 3, caused by ALX1 gene variants and marked by severe facial clefts, small eyes, and hypertelorism.
Frontorhiny
Frontorhiny, also called ALX3-related frontonasal dysplasia or frontonasal dysplasia type 1, is a rare autosomal recessive midline facial malformation caused by homozygous ALX3 mutations, marked by hypertelorism, broad columella, widened philtrum, and bifid nasal tip.
Frontotemporal dementia
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), also called Pick's disease historically, is a group of early-onset dementias with frontal and temporal lobe atrophy, behavioral or language decline, tau/TDP-43/FUS pathology, MAPT/GRN/C9orf72 genes, and no cure.
Frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease
Frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease (FTD-MND, FTD-ALS): combined frontotemporal dementia and ALS within the ALS-FTD spectrum, onset 38-78 years, TDP-43 pathology, C9orf72 expansion, death 2-5 years after onset.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), also called frontotemporal dementia (FTD), is a group of neurodegenerative diseases causing frontal and temporal lobe atrophy; leading early-onset dementia under 60, with tau, TDP-43, or FUS protein inclusions and C9orf72, GRN, MAPT mutations.
FROST trial
FROST trial refers to several unrelated studies, chiefly UK FROST, a 503-patient three-arm UK randomized trial comparing manipulation under anaesthesia, arthroscopic capsular release, and physiotherapy for frozen shoulder.
Frostbite
Frostbite, a freezing cold injury (FCI), is tissue damage from exposure below 0°C, classified by depth (1st–4th degree) or Cauchy grades; treated with rapid rewarming at 38–42°C, thrombolytics, and iloprost.
Frostbite with tissue necrosis
Frostbite with tissue necrosis (ICD-11 NE41), also called third or fourth degree frostbite, is deep freezing injury killing skin, muscle, and bone; treated with rapid rewarming, thrombolysis, iloprost, and delayed amputation.
Frovatriptan
Frovatriptan (frovatriptan succinate, brand FROVA), a 5-HT1B/1D agonist triptan, treats acute migraine with or without aura in adults as 2.5 mg tablets; its ~26-hour half-life lowers headache recurrence versus other triptans.
Frozen elephant trunk technique
The frozen elephant trunk technique is a one-stage cardiac operation that replaces the aortic arch and stents the descending thoracic aorta, introduced in 2003 by Matthias Karck.
Frozen section diagnosis
Frozen section diagnosis is a pathology technique in which fresh, unfixed tissue is rapidly frozen, cut, stained, and examined microscopically during surgery, giving the surgeon a preliminary diagnosis within minutes.
Frozen Sections
Frozen sections: rapid intraoperative histopathology of fresh frozen tissue cut on a cryostat, also called frozen section biopsy or intraoperative consultation; accuracy 92-98% versus permanent sections, used for margins, diagnosis, and lymph nodes.
Fructooligosaccharide
Fructooligosaccharide (FOS), also known as oligofructose, is a prebiotic fiber and low-calorie sweetener found in chicory, onion, and banana, fermented in the colon to boost beneficial Bifidobacterium.
Fructosamine
Fructosamine is a ketoamine formed when glucose reacts nonenzymatically with proteins; clinically it denotes glycated serum proteins, mostly albumin, measured as a shorter-term alternative to HbA1c for monitoring diabetes.
Fructose malabsorption
Fructose malabsorption: incomplete small-intestinal absorption of free fructose via GLUT5, affecting up to half of people at 25 g loads; causes IBS-like symptoms, diagnosed by hydrogen breath test, managed with low-FODMAP diet; distinct from hereditary fructose intolerance.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency (FBPase deficiency, Baker-Winegrad disease, OMIM 229700) is a rare autosomal recessive FBP1 gluconeogenesis disorder causing fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis episodes in infants, treatable with glucose and fasting avoidance.
Fruit salad
Fruit salad: a dish of mixed cut or whole fruits, served plain or dressed. Known in American recipe books since the 1850s; related to fruit cocktail; regulated as fresh-cut produce; includes rujak and ananas chaat variants.
Fruitarianism
Fruitarianism, or the fruitarian diet, is a highly restrictive vegan diet of primarily raw fruit (70-80% of calories), excluding cooked food, grains, and animal products; dietitians warn of B12, calcium, and protein deficiencies, diabetes and tooth-decay risks, and generally do not recommend it.
Fryns syndrome
Fryns syndrome (FRNS, OMIM 229850), also called diaphragmatic hernia-facial dysmorphism-distal limb anomalies syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive multiple congenital anomaly disorder involving congenital diaphragmatic hernia, pulmonary hypoplasia, facial anomalies, and distal limb hypoplasia, caused in some cases by biallelic PIGN variants.