25,729 articles
History of smallpox
History of smallpox (variola): a 3,000-year human disease killing about 3 in 10 infected, controlled by variolation, then Jenner's 1796 cowpox vaccine, and eradicated by WHO's intensified campaign, last natural case Somalia 1977, declared eradicated 1980.
History of surgery
History of surgery: operative care from Neolithic trepanation, Egyptian and Sushruta-era Indian surgery, Vesalius and Hunter, ether anaesthesia (1846), Lister's antisepsis (1865), transplantation, and today's laparoscopic and robotic surgery.
History of syphilis
History of syphilis: Treponema pallidum infection, first epidemic in Europe in 1495, named by Fracastoro in 1530; treated with mercury, Salvarsan, then penicillin (1943); includes the Tuskegee untreated-syphilis study (1932–1972) and modern resurgence.
History of tuberculosis
History of tuberculosis, formerly consumption or phthisis: an ancient disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, identified by Robert Koch in 1882, treated by sanatoria, BCG (1921), and streptomycin (1943), now burdened by drug-resistant TB.
Histotripsy
Histotripsy is a noninvasive ablation method that uses focused, high-intensity ultrasound pulses to mechanically fractionate targeted soft tissue without incisions, FDA-authorized for liver tumor destruction in October 2023.
Histrelin
Histrelin acetate (Supprelin LA, Vantas) is a GnRH agonist nonapeptide delivered as a once-yearly subcutaneous hydrogel implant, used for central precocious puberty and advanced prostate cancer.
Histrionic personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder, formerly hysterical personality disorder, is a cluster B psychiatric condition marked by persistent attention-seeking, exaggerated emotions, and theatrical, self-dramatized behavior beginning by early adulthood.
Hitting the wall
Hitting the wall, also called bonking, is the sudden debilitating fatigue striking marathon runners late in a race, typically after the 20-mile mark, conventionally attributed to depleted glycogen stores.
HIV test
An HIV test is a medical diagnostic test that detects HIV infection by measuring HIV-specific antibodies, the viral p24 antigen, or viral RNA in blood, serum, plasma, or oral fluid.
HIV trial
HIV trial NCT01195077 (Dietary Algae and HIV), a University of South Carolina phase I/II study led by Jane Teas testing Undaria seaweed and Spirulina in 12 antiretroviral-naive people with HIV; found no toxicity, improved quality of life, and stable CD4 and viral load.
HIV viral load measurement
HIV viral load measurement is a nucleic acid amplification test that quantifies HIV RNA in blood plasma, reported in copies per milliliter, to guide antiretroviral therapy and monitor treatment response.
HIV-associated cancer
HIV-associated cancer: cancers occurring at elevated rates in people living with HIV, divided into AIDS-defining cancers (Kaposi sarcoma, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma, cervical cancer) and non-AIDS-defining cancers, driven mainly by immunosuppression and oncogenic viruses.
HIV/AIDS
HIV is a lentivirus that causes AIDS, attacking the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells. In 2025, 41 million people are living with the manageable chronic infection.
HIV/AIDS denialism
HIV/AIDS denialism rejects the consensus that HIV causes AIDS, claiming drugs, malnutrition, or lifestyle instead. Traced to Peter Duesberg's 1987 article; under President Mbeki it cost an estimated 330,000 lives in South Africa, and it resurged online in the COVID era.
HIV/AIDS epidemic in Southern Africa
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Southern Africa is the world's most severe regional HIV epidemic, with South Africa alone home to about 8 million people living with HIV.
HIV/AIDS in Africa
HIV/AIDS in Africa: the world's hardest-hit regional HIV epidemic, with 64% of 41 million people living with HIV in the WHO African Region, heterosexual transmission, ART-driven life-expectancy gains, and a 2025 US funding crisis threatening PEPFAR-supported treatment.
HIV/AIDS in India
HIV/AIDS in India, also called AIDS in India, is the national HIV epidemic: 2.561 million people living with HIV in 2024, with adult prevalence of just 0.20%.
HIV/AIDS in Kenya
HIV/AIDS in Kenya is a generalized epidemic, first detected in 1984, that peaked at roughly 10 to 13 percent in the late 1990s and fell to 3.22% by 2026.
HIV/AIDS in South Africa
HIV/AIDS in South Africa is the world's largest national HIV epidemic, with about 8 million people living with HIV, and runs the largest antiretroviral treatment program.
HIV/AIDS in the Philippines
HIV/AIDS in the Philippines: epidemic since the 1984 first case, long "low and slow," now the fastest-growing HIV surge in Asia-Pacific under RA 8504 and RA 11166, with 4,633 new cases in Q1 2026.
HIV/AIDS in the United States
HIV/AIDS in the United States: the domestic HIV epidemic first reported June 5, 1981; over 1.2 million Americans living with HIV, about 38,000 new diagnoses in 2024, concentrated among men, Black and Hispanic people, and the South.
HIV/AIDS in Uganda
HIV/AIDS in Uganda is the national experience of a severe HIV epidemic that fell from about 15 percent of adults around 1991 to about 5 percent by 2001.
HIV/AIDS-related lymphoma
HIV/AIDS-related lymphoma, or AIDS-related lymphoma, is aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL, Burkitt, primary CNS lymphoma) arising in people with HIV, linked to EBV and HHV8, with incidence and outcomes transformed by antiretroviral therapy.
Hives
Hives (urticaria): itchy wheals from mast cell histamine release, acute or chronic (over 6 weeks). Treated with second-generation H1-antihistamines up to fourfold, then omalizumab, then ciclosporin.
HLA matching
HLA matching is the laboratory comparison of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types between a transplant donor and recipient, used to predict immune compatibility and reduce graft rejection.
HLA typing
HLA typing is the laboratory and computational determination of which human leukocyte antigen alleles a person carries, underpinning transplant donor matching, disease association studies, and drug safety screening.
HLA-B27
HLA-B27, an HLA-B gene allele encoding an MHC class I antigen, is the strongest known common-variant disease association, linked to ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, and anterior uveitis since its 1973 discovery.
HLX35
HLX35 (BNA035) is a recombinant humanized EGFR x 4-1BB bispecific antibody from Shanghai Henlius, licensed to Binacea for ex-China territories, tested in phase 1 solid tumor trials and later suspended by company decision.
HM3™ trial
MOMENTUM 3 (HM3 trial, NCT02224755): randomized trial comparing the HeartMate 3 magnetically levitated LVAD with HeartMate II in advanced heart failure; showed superior 2- and 5-year event-free survival and supported FDA approval.
HMPL-A830
HMPL-A830 is HUTCHMED's first-in-class KRAS inhibitor payload conjugated to an anti-EGFR antibody (ATTC) for solid tumors; in Phase I/IIa trial NCT07718581 and licensed to GSK ex-Greater China for up to US$1.295 billion.