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Hyperactive bowel sounds
Hyperactive bowel sounds (borborygmi) are abnormally loud, increased gurgling intestinal noises, ICD-11 ME03.0, caused by diarrhea, eating, IBD, GI bleeding, or early bowel obstruction, with limited auscultation reliability.
Hyperacusis
Hyperacusis is reduced tolerance to everyday sounds, perceived as too loud or painful despite normal hearing. Prevalence 9-15%; subtypes include loudness and pain hyperacusis; treated with sound desensitization and counseling.
Hyperaemia
Hyperaemia (hyperemia) is increased blood flow to tissue causing engorgement; forms include active (functional), reactive (post-ischaemic), and passive (congestion). Covers mediators (NO, adenosine, K+, CO2), measurement (RHI, FMD, plethysmography), coronary FFR ≤0.80 and iFR ≤0.89 thresholds, and stress agents.
Hyperaesthesia
Hyperaesthesia, also spelled hyperesthesia, is increased sensitivity to stimulation excluding the special senses (ICD-11 MB40.5), a symptom of peripheral and central sensitization commonly accompanying neuropathic pain, caused by nerve injury, metabolic, infectious, autoimmune, or toxic conditions.
Hyperaldosteronism
Hyperaldosteronism (primary aldosteronism, Conn's syndrome): excess adrenal aldosterone with suppressed renin, causing hypertension in about 5-10% of hypertensive adults, with elevated cardiovascular risk; treated by adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
Hyperalgesia
Hyperalgesia is increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain, an IASP-defined clinical sign of peripheral or central sensitization; distinguished from allodynia, assessed by quantitative sensory testing, and seen after injury, neuropathy, and opioid use.
Hyperammonemic encephalopathy due to carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency
Hyperammonemic encephalopathy due to carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency (CA5AD, CA-VA deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive CA5A disorder causing neonatal hyperammonemia, lactic acidosis, and ketonuria, treated with carglumic acid.
Hyperandrogenism
Hyperandrogenism: excess androgen production or effect, mainly in women, causing hirsutism, acne, and alopecia. Most often from PCOS (5-10% of reproductive age women); diagnosed by testosterone testing, managed with contraceptives, antiandrogens, hair removal.
HyperArc stereotactic radiosurgery
HyperArc is an automated single-isocenter, non-coplanar VMAT technique for linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery of intracranial targets, developed by Varian for multi-metastasis cases and first used clinically in August 2017.
Hyperbaric medicine
Hyperbaric medicine treats disease with 100% oxygen breathed in a chamber pressurized above sea level (HBOT, UHMS minimum 1.4 ATA), chiefly for decompression sickness, carbon monoxide poisoning, and nonhealing wounds, with pressure- and oxygen-related side effects.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a medical treatment in which a patient breathes pure oxygen inside a pressurized chamber, used for decompression sickness, carbon monoxide poisoning, and diabetic wounds.
Hyperbiliverdinemia
Hyperbiliverdinemia (green jaundice, ORPHA:276405, OMIM 614156) is a rare genetic hepatic disease with green skin, urine, and plasma from elevated biliverdin, linked to BLVRA variants plus biliary obstruction or liver failure.
Hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia (hypercalcemia): elevated blood calcium, defined as >10.5 mg/dL or adjusted calcium ≥2.6 mmol/L. Mostly caused by primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy; treated with hydration, bisphosphonates, or denosumab.
Hypercalciuria
Hypercalciuria (ICD-11 MF98.0), excessive urinary calcium excretion from intestinal overabsorption, bone resorption, or renal tubular defects; the leading risk factor for calcium kidney stones, treated with thiazides, low-sodium diet, and normal calcium intake.
Hypercapnia
Hypercapnia (hypercarbia): elevated arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2 >45 mm Hg) from alveolar hypoventilation; causes include COPD, obesity hypoventilation, neuromuscular disease; treated with NIV, controlled oxygen.
Hypercarotenaemia
Hypercarotenaemia (carotenemia, carotenodermia), ICD-10 E67.1 / ICD-11 5B90.1, is a benign elevation of blood β-carotene causing yellow-orange skin with spared sclerae, distinguished from jaundice; caused by dietary excess, metabolic disease, or BCO1 variants.
Hypercholesterolaemia
Hypercholesterolemia, also spelled hypercholesterolaemia, is the condition of abnormally high cholesterol in the blood and the most common form of dyslipidaemia, a major modifiable risk factor for heart attack and stroke.
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia, high blood cholesterol (elevated LDL-C/non-HDL-C), a dyslipidemia and direct cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; defined as LDL-C ≥130 mg/dL, treated with statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid, inclisiran.
Hyperdontia
Hyperdontia (supernumerary teeth): a developmental dental anomaly with extra teeth beyond the normal 20 primary or 32 permanent. Prevalence 0.1–3.8% permanent dentition; mesiodens most common; linked to Gardner syndrome and cleidocranial dysplasia.
Hyperelastic bone
Hyperelastic bone is a 3D-printable synthetic bone graft material, 90% hydroxyapatite and 10% biodegradable polymer, developed at Northwestern University, that is elastic, porous, and induces bone formation without growth factors.
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is the severe form of pregnancy nausea and vomiting, affecting 0.3–3.6% of pregnancies, driven by the placental hormone GDF15, causing weight loss and dehydration, and treated with antiemetics, rehydration, and thiamine.
Hyperemesis gravidarum with metabolic disturbance
Hyperemesis gravidarum with metabolic disturbance, ICD-11 JA60.1, is pregnancy vomiting unresponsive to diet and antiemetics, with electrolyte and acid-base imbalance requiring IV fluids, potassium, and thiamine.
Hyperfunction of pituitary gland
Hyperfunction of pituitary gland (ICD-11 5A60): excessive pituitary hormone production, mostly from hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas, causing acromegaly, gigantism, hyperprolactinaemia, and related syndromes treated by surgery, drugs, and radiation.
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, is an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood that defines diabetes mellitus and, when severe, can cause diabetic ketoacidosis.
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism-cataract syndrome
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism-cataract syndrome (Lubinsky syndrome, ORPHA:2410, OMIM 240950) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive endocrine disease combining adolescent-onset cataracts with primary gonadal failure; only about three cases are recorded worldwide.
Hypergraphia
Hypergraphia: compulsive, extensive writing, classically an interictal feature of temporal lobe epilepsy (Geschwind syndrome, with hyperreligiosity and hyposexuality); also seen in mania and right temporal lobe degeneration.
Hyperhidrosis
Hyperhidrosis, also known as excessive sweating, is a condition in which a person sweats more than needed for cooling, either all over or in localized areas.
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated blood total homocysteine above 15 µmol/L, affects about 5% of people; caused by folate, B12, or B6 deficiency and MTHFR variants, and B-vitamin lowering does not prevent myocardial infarction or death.
Hyperinsulinemia
Hyperinsulinemia is an increased concentration of insulin in the blood, most often a compensatory response to insulin resistance, and is linked to diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome
Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia (HI/HA, GDH-HI) syndrome: a dominant GLUD1 gain-of-function disorder causing leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia, chronic hyperammonemia, epilepsy, and diazoxide-responsive congenital hyperinsulinism.