25,729 articles
Hyperprolactinaemia
Hyperprolactinaemia (hyperprolactinemia) is abnormally high serum prolactin, caused by prolactinomas, drugs, hypothyroidism, or macroprolactin; treated with dopamine agonists such as cabergoline, with special pregnancy management.
Hyperprolinemia type 1
Hyperprolinemia type 1 (HPI, proline oxidase deficiency, OMIM 239500) is a rare autosomal recessive PRODH disorder at 22q11.21 causing high blood proline without urinary P5C; often asymptomatic, occasionally seizures, schizophrenia, or nephropathy.
Hyperprolinemia type 2
Hyperprolinemia type 2 (HPII, ALDH4A1 hyperprolinemia, delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase deficiency) is an autosomal recessive proline metabolism disorder causing proline 10-15x normal with elevated P5C, sometimes seizures and intellectual disability, often benign.
Hypersalivation
Hypersalivation (sialorrhea, ptyalism, drooling): excessive salivary flow from overproduction or, more often, impaired swallowing, common in Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, and clozapine therapy; treated behaviorally, with anticholinergics, botulinum toxin, or surgery.
Hypersecretion of calcitonin
Hypersecretion of calcitonin (ICD-11 5A04) is excessive release of the 32-amino-acid thyroid C-cell hormone; its main cause is medullary thyroid carcinoma, and elevated serum calcitonin serves as that cancer's key tumor marker.
Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity, also known as the Gell-Coombs classification, is an excessive immune response that damages tissue, classically divided into four types by Gell and Coombs in 1963.
Hypersensitivity myocarditis
Hypersensitivity myocarditis (allergic myocarditis, ICD-11 BC42.2) is a drug- or vaccine-triggered eosinophilic inflammation of the heart muscle, diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy, treated by drug withdrawal plus corticosteroids.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is an immune-mediated interstitial lung disease from inhaled antigens such as bird proteins, mold, and farm dust, classified as nonfibrotic or fibrotic, with fibrotic HP carrying a median survival of about 9.2 years.
Hypersexuality
Hypersexuality, also called compulsive sexual behavior disorder (ICD-11) or sex addiction, is abnormally extreme, poorly controlled sexual activity; often iatrogenic from dopaminergic drugs in Parkinson's disease, treated first with psychotherapy.
Hypersomnia
Hypersomnia (hypersomnolence) is excessive daytime sleepiness despite adequate sleep. Includes primary forms (idiopathic hypersomnia, narcolepsy, Kleine-Levin syndrome) and secondary causes; diagnosed by PSG and MSLT after excluding other causes.
Hypersplenism
Hypersplenism is a syndrome in which an enlarged spleen sequesters and destroys blood cells, causing low counts despite normal bone marrow; the leading cause is portal hypertension from cirrhosis.
Hypertelorism-microtia-facial clefting syndrome
Hypertelorism-microtia-facial clefting syndrome (HMC, Bixler-Christian-Gorlin syndrome, OMIM 239800) is an autosomal recessive malformation syndrome combining hypertelorism, cleft lip and palate, and microtia, with nine reported cases in seven families and no identified gene.
Hypertension
Hypertension (high blood pressure), persistently ≥140/90 mmHg by WHO criteria (≥130/80 by ACC/AHA), affects 1.4 billion adults aged 30–79 in 2024; usually symptomless, it causes stroke, heart attack, and kidney failure.
Hypertension (journal)
Hypertension is the American Heart Association's monthly peer-reviewed hypertension journal, founded 1979 in Dallas, ISSN 0194-911X, edited by Rhian M. Touyz since 2022; distinct from Journal of Hypertension (Springer, 1983).
Hypertension in pregnancy
Hypertension in pregnancy: elevated blood pressure in gestation, defined as ≥140/90 mm Hg on two occasions; includes chronic, gestational, and preeclampsia forms; also the name of the Taylor & Francis journal (ISSN 1525-6065) serving this field.
Hypertensive acute pulmonary edema
Hypertensive acute pulmonary edema is acute heart failure caused by a severe blood pressure spike that floods the lungs, causing abrupt breathlessness at pressures of at least 180/110 mmHg.
Hypertensive crisis
Hypertensive crisis: blood pressure above 180/120 mm Hg, split into hypertensive emergency (acute organ damage, ICU, IV therapy) and severe hypertension without damage; AHA 2024 drops the urgency/crisis terms.
Hypertensive emergency
Hypertensive emergency: blood pressure above 180/120 mm Hg with acute target-organ damage (stroke, heart failure, aortic dissection, renal failure), formerly called malignant hypertension; treated in the ICU with titratable IV drugs, reducing BP by no more than 25% in the first hour.
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Hypertensive encephalopathy (HE), closely related to PRES, is cerebral edema from severe hypertension exceeding autoregulation; treated by lowering mean arterial pressure 20-25%, with 10.4% annual mortality in a French cohort.
Hypertensive heart disease
Hypertensive heart disease, also called hypertensive cardiomyopathy, is heart damage from long-standing high blood pressure, ranging from left ventricular hypertrophy to heart failure and sudden death.
Hypertensive heart failure
Hypertensive heart failure is heart failure caused by chronic pressure overload from high blood pressure, spanning preserved through reduced ejection fraction; hypertension is heart failure's most prevalent risk factor.
Hypertensive kidney disease
Hypertensive kidney disease (hypertensive nephrosclerosis) is kidney damage from sustained high blood pressure, a leading cause of ESRD; managed with SBP <130 mm Hg, ACEi or ARB, SGLT2 inhibitors, and diuretics.
Hypertensive peristalsis
Hypertensive peristalsis, also called nutcracker esophagus, was a Chicago Classification esophageal motility diagnosis defined by mean DCI over 5,000 mmHg·s·cm; it was eliminated in CC v3.0 and discontinued in v4.0 for unclear clinical significance.
Hypertensive retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy, also called fundus hypertonicus, is damage to the retinal blood vessels caused by high blood pressure, producing narrowed arterioles, hemorrhages, and exudates; treatment is mainly blood pressure control.
Hypertensive urgency
Hypertensive urgency, now renamed severe hypertension by the 2025 AHA/ACC guideline, is BP above 180/120 mm Hg without acute organ damage; guidelines favor oral therapy, observation, and outpatient follow-up over urgent intravenous lowering.
Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia (Greek hyper + therme) is an unregulated rise in body temperature above the hypothalamic set point, culminating in heat stroke above 40 °C with CNS dysfunction, treated by rapid cooling; it also names deliberate heating of tumors to about 45 °C as an adjunct cancer therapy.
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a cancer treatment in which chemotherapy heated to 41–43 °C is circulated inside the abdomen after cytoreductive surgery, used for peritoneal metastases of colorectal, ovarian, gastric, and appendiceal cancers.
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid): the thyroid gland makes excess hormone, speeding body functions. Most common cause is Graves' disease (TSHR autoantibodies); treated with antithyroid drugs, radioiodine, or surgery; affects about 1 in 100 Americans.
Hypertonia
Hypertonia, also called spasticity or rigidity in its main forms, is abnormally increased resistance to passive limb movement caused by loss of supraspinal control of stretch reflexes, assessed clinically with Ashworth and Tardieu scales.
Hypertrichosis
Hypertrichosis, also called werewolf syndrome, is excessive hair growth anywhere on the body, distinct from androgen-driven hirsutism. It is congenital or acquired, drug-induced or paraneoplastic, and treated by hair removal and eflornithine.