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Institute of Image-Guided Surgery
The Institute of Image-Guided Surgery (IHU Strasbourg; Institut de chirurgie guidée par l'image) is a French institute in Strasbourg dedicated to image-guided minimally invasive surgery, founded by Jacques Marescaux in 2011.
Institute of Life
Institute of Life – IASO is a private IVF unit in Maroussi, Athens, established in 2015. It is known for its use of Maternal Spindle Transfer and ERICA AI.
Institute of Medicine
Institute of Medicine (IOM), Tribhuvan University, Nepal's pioneering medical school founded 1972 at Maharajgunj, Kathmandu; runs MBBS since 1978, TUTH teaching hospital, 7 campuses, 15 affiliated colleges, 63+ health science programs.
Institute of Mental Health (Belgrade, RS)
Institute of Mental Health (Institut za mentalno zdravlje), Belgrade: tertiary psychiatric hospital founded 14 April 1963 as the Center for Mental Health, first social-psychiatric institution in Yugoslavia and the Balkans, WHO Collaborating Centre since 2009.
Institute of Mental Health (Chennai, IN)
Institute of Mental Health (IMH), Kilpauk, Chennai: Tamil Nadu's government psychiatric hospital, tracing to 1794 and rebuilt at Kilpauk in 1871; 1,800 beds, attached to Madras Medical College, renamed IMH in 1977.
Institute of Mental Health (Nottingham, GB)
Institute of Mental Health (IMH), Nottingham: mental health research institute founded 2006, partnership of Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust and University of Nottingham; eight centres including MindTech; Director Professor Martin Orrell; Jubilee Campus building opened 2012.
Institute of Mental Health (Singapore, SG)
Institute of Mental Health (IMH), formerly Woodbridge Hospital (板桥医院), Singapore's only tertiary psychiatric hospital at Buangkok Green Medical Park; founded 1841, 2,200 beds, about 80% of public mental health care.
Institute of Pathology
Institute of Pathology (สถาบันพยาธิวิทยา), Bangkok: Thailand government anatomical pathology institution under the Department of Medical Services, established 10 December 1974; national reference lab, 3-year residency since 1972, home of the Royal College of Pathologists of Thailand.
Institutional Ethics
Institutional ethics, also called organizational ethics, is the ethical analysis of decisions and actions by healthcare organizations, covering ethics committees and the ethics of business and management decisions.
Institutionalization
Institutionalization: care of individuals in institutions and adaptation to institutional routines, or loss of adaptation to life outside; central concept in psychiatry and long-term care, opposed by deinstitutionalization.
Insufficient sleep syndrome
Insufficient sleep syndrome (ISS, behaviourally induced hypersomnia, ICD-11 7A26) is a hypersomnolence disorder in which voluntary chronic sleep restriction below individual need causes daily sleepiness, with unimpaired sleep initiation and weekend rebound sleep.
Insufflation (medicine)
Insufflation (medicine): blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into a body cavity for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Central to laparoscopy, where CO2 pneumoperitoneum, developed from Kelling's 1901 work, creates surgical working space.
Insular cortex
Insular cortex (insula, Island of Reil): cortical region hidden in the lateral sulcus, first described by Reil in 1809; hub for interoception, emotion, salience network, cognitive control, and social cognition.
Insulin (medication)
Insulin (medication): injectable pancreatic hormone used to control blood glucose in diabetes, essential in type 1 diabetes. Types span rapid-acting (15-minute onset) to ultra long-acting (36+ hours); biosimilars Merilog and Kirsty approved 2025; discovered Toronto 1921, Nobel 1923.
Insulin and noiiglutide fixed-dose combination (舒地胰岛素诺利糖肽)
舒地胰岛素诺利糖肽 (HR17031) is Hengrui's once-daily fixed-ratio injection of basal insulin sudelidec (INS068) plus the GLP-1 receptor agonist noiiglutide for type 2 diabetes; NMPA accepted its NDA in March 2026 after two positive phase 3 trials versus insulin glargine.
Insulin aspart
Insulin aspart (NovoRapid, NovoLog, Fiasp) is a rapid-acting insulin analog for mealtime diabetes therapy, made by replacing proline B28 with aspartic acid; second FDA-approved rapid-acting analog, with biosimilars Merilog and Garzulys.
Insulin autoimmune syndrome
Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS, Hirata disease) is a rare autoimmune cause of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia from insulin autoantibodies in insulin-naive people, linked to HLA-DRB1*0406, sulfhydryl drugs, and alpha-lipoic acid.
Insulin degludec
Insulin degludec (Tresiba, IDeg) is Novo Nordisk's ultra-long-acting basal insulin analog, EU-approved 2013 and FDA-approved 2015, with >42 h action, multihexamer depot release, glargine-equivalent HbA1c control, and lower nocturnal hypoglycemia.
Insulin detemir
Insulin detemir (Levemir, Novo Nordisk) is a long-acting basal insulin analogue, FDA approved 2005, acylated with a C14 myristic fatty acid for albumin binding, dosed once or twice daily for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Insulin glargine
Insulin glargine (Lantus, Toujeo; biosimilars Semglee, Rezvoglar, Langlara) is a once-daily long-acting basal insulin analog for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, first FDA-approved in April 2000.
Insulin glulisine
Insulin glulisine (Apidra, Sanofi) is a rapid-acting insulin analogue, 3B Lys-29B Glu-human insulin made in E. coli, FDA-approved April 16, 2004 for subcutaneous, pump, and intravenous use in diabetes.
Insulin Infusion Systems
Insulin infusion systems (insulin pumps, CSII) are portable or implantable devices delivering insulin continuously, open-loop or closed-loop; first commercial pump 1978; OpT2mise and REPOSE trial evidence; infusion set failure risks DKA.
Insulin peglispro
Insulin peglispro (BIL, LY2605541) was Eli Lilly's investigational PEGylated basal insulin lispro with hepato-preferential action, showing superior HbA1c reduction and less nocturnal hypoglycemia than glargine in the IMAGINE trials, but development was discontinued in December 2015 over liver fat changes.
Insulin pump
Insulin pump: wearable device for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) via a catheter, delivering basal and bolus insulin. First wearable pump 1963 (Kadish); adverse events affect 40-68% of users; modern hybrid closed-loop systems pair pumps with CGMs.
Insulin resistance
Insulin resistance: reduced body response to normal insulin levels, a physiological state distinct from prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Covers clamp and HOMA-IR measurement, mechanisms (IRS-1, GLUT4), prevalence (~26.5% globally), and treatments from DPP lifestyle change to thiazolidinediones and GLP-1 agents.
Insulin Secretion
Insulin secretion is glucose-regulated release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells via KATP-dependent triggering and KATP-independent amplifying pathways, producing biphasic secretion modulated by incretins and paracrine signals.
Insulin shock therapy
Insulin shock therapy, or insulin coma therapy, was a psychiatric treatment introduced by Manfred Sakel in Vienna in 1933, inducing hypoglycaemic comas with large insulin doses to treat schizophrenia; abandoned after 1950s randomized trials showed it ineffective.
Insulin titration
Insulin titration is the stepwise adjustment of insulin doses against measured blood glucose values until fasting glucose or HbA1c targets are reached without hypoglycemia, applying to basal, prandial, and premixed regimens in diabetes.
Insulin tolerance test
The insulin tolerance test (ITT) is a diagnostic procedure in which intravenous insulin induces hypoglycemia, and growth hormone and cortisol responses are measured to assess pituitary function.
Insulin-resistance syndromes
Insulin-resistance syndromes are rare syndromes of severe insulin resistance, from receptor or signaling defects, spanning Donohue and Rabson-Mendenhall syndromes, type A, and autoimmune type B disease.