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Injury of the auricle
Injury of the auricle (ICD-11 NA0B): trauma to the external ear's cartilaginous pinna, including hematoma, laceration, avulsion, and fracture; key risks are cauliflower ear deformity, chondritis, and the need for prompt drainage or specialist repair.
Injury of thoracic aorta
Injury of thoracic aorta (ICD-11 NB30.0), traumatic aortic wall damage, mainly blunt thoracic aortic injury from motor vehicle deceleration at the aortic isthmus; graded I–IV, diagnosed by CTA, treated with TEVAR or non-operative management.
Injury of trigeminal nerve
Injury of trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V, ICD-10 S04.3): damage to facial sensory branches, mostly the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves, usually from dental procedures such as third molar extraction, causing numbness or chronic post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain.
Injury of urethra
Injury of urethra (urethral trauma, ICD-11 NB92.3): forceful damage to the urethra from blunt, penetrating, or iatrogenic causes. Mostly male; up to 25% of male pelvic fractures; diagnosed by retrograde urethrography; treated by urinary diversion or urethroplasty.
Injury of urinary tract
Injury of urinary tract (ICD-11 NB92.7): damage to kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra from blunt, penetrating, or iatrogenic causes; about 10% of trauma cases, mostly iatrogenic for the ureter.
Injury of uterus
Injury of uterus is physical damage to the uterine wall, from contusion and laceration to complete rupture or perforation, most often linked to a scar from an earlier cesarean.
Injury of vagus nerve
Injury of the vagus nerve (CN X), usually surgical, causing vocal fold paralysis with hoarseness and dysphagia; prognosis assessed by laryngeal electromyography, most recovery within 6 months.
Injury Severity Score
The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a trauma scoring system introduced in 1974 that squares the worst Abbreviated Injury Scale grades in three body regions to predict mortality.
Injury surveillance
Injury surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of injury data for prevention, guided by WHO and CDC guidelines published in 2001.
Inlays
Inlays: fixed intracoronal dental restorations fabricated outside the tooth and luted into a prepared cavity, made of gold, ceramic, or composite; distinct from onlays, which cover cusps. First porcelain inlay 1857; CAD/CAM machining since the 1980s.
Inlive (EV71 inactivated vaccine, Vero cell)
Inlive (益尔来福) is Sinovac's inactivated EV71 whole-virus vaccine grown in Vero cells, approved in China in December 2015 for children 6–71 months; two doses gave 94.8% efficacy against EV71 hand, foot, and mouth disease.
Inner ear
Inner ear (labyrinth): cochlea for hearing and vestibular system for balance, in the temporal bone's bony labyrinth with perilymph and membranous labyrinth with endolymph; hair cells transduce sound and head motion via tip-linked MET channels.
INNOVA study
INNOVA (NCT05347823) is an observational Verona, Italy cohort study measuring adherence to antihypertensive drugs and statins via UHPLC-QQQ/MS hair analysis in 200 SIIA hypertension patients; status not yet recruiting, no results posted.
Inoculation
Inoculation, historically variolation, deliberately infected healthy people with smallpox material to induce mild disease and immunity; practiced in China, India, Africa, and the Ottoman Empire, brought to Europe in 1721, and replaced by Jenner's 1796 cowpox vaccination.
Inolimomab
Inolimomab (BT-563, Leucotac) is a murine IgG1 anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody blocking the IL-2 receptor, studied as salvage therapy for steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease; it holds orphan drug designation in Europe and the US.
Inotersen
Inotersen (Tegsedi) is a 2'-O-methoxyethyl antisense oligonucleotide, given weekly subcutaneously, that lowers hepatic transthyretin production to treat stage 1-2 hATTR polyneuropathy; approved 2018, boxed warning for thrombocytopenia and glomerulonephritis, EU withdrawal December 2026.
Inotrope
Inotrope: drug altering cardiac contractility; positive inotropes (dobutamine, milrinone, levosimendan, digoxin, catecholamines) support cardiogenic shock and decompensated heart failure; no overall survival benefit, arrhythmia and hypotension risks.
Inotuzumab ozogamicin
Inotuzumab ozogamicin (Besponsa) is a CD22-directed antibody-drug conjugate of calicheamicin, FDA approved in 2017 for relapsed/refractory CD22-positive B-cell precursor ALL, with VOD/SOS hepatotoxicity as its key risk.
INPer trial
INPer trial (NCT02488642), Medical Management of Late Intrauterine Death: Mexican phase 4 randomized trial at the National Institute of Perinatology comparing isosorbide dinitrate-oxytocin with misoprostol-oxytocin in 60 women with fetal death after 20 weeks.
INRECLISA trial
IN-REC-LISA trial (NCT05711966): international multicenter randomized trial comparing IN-REC-SUR-E versus LISA surfactant administration in 382 preterm infants 24–27+6 weeks with RDS; primary outcome death or BPD at 36 weeks postmenstrual age.
INS2018 study
INS2018 (International Nutrition Survey 2018) was a multinational observational study of ICU nutrition therapy, focused on cardiac surgery patients; 13 ICUs in six countries enrolled 237 patients, comparing sites with and without dietetic services.
Insecticide-Treated Bednets
Insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs, LLINs) are insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets for malaria prevention; over 2 billion distributed since 2005, now shifting from pyrethroid-only to PBO and dual-ingredient nets against resistance.
INSIGHT trial
INSIGHT trial (Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories, NCT01167270): Penn State randomized trial of nurse-delivered responsive parenting for first-time mothers, reducing rapid infant weight gain and overweight at age 1; distinct from SWOG S2414 and tepotinib INSIGHT trials.
Insomnia
Insomnia is a sleep disorder of difficulty falling or staying asleep despite adequate opportunity, chronic at 3+ nights/week for 3+ months, affecting about 10-15% of adults, treated first with CBT-I.
Inspiratory Capacity
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the maximum air volume inhaled from normal end expiration (FRC) to total lung capacity, equal to tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume; a spirometry measure used to gauge lung hyperinflation in COPD and exercise testing.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the extra air inhaled beyond a normal tidal breath, up to total lung capacity; part of vital capacity, measurable by spirometry, and reduced in dynamic hyperinflation during exercise and COPD.
INSPIRES trial
INSPIRES (Intensive Statin and Antiplatelet Therapy for High-Risk Intracranial or Extracranial Atherosclerosis), NCT03635749: 2x2 factorial Chinese trial of 6100 patients; immediate intensive atorvastatin did not cut 90-day stroke, clopidogrel-aspirin DAPT did with more bleeding.
Instantaneous death
Instantaneous death (ICD-11 MH12.0; ICD-10 R96.0) is death within seconds of symptom onset or trauma with no warning, or sudden unexplained death in adults, a forensic diagnosis made by exclusion after autopsy and toxicology.
Instinct
Instinct: unlearned, inherited, species-typical behavior, also called innate behavior. Traced from Darwin and James through McDougall, the 1920s critiques (Dunlap, Kuo), ethology's fixed action patterns, and Lehrman's critique.
Institute of Child Health (Kolkata, IN)
Institute of Child Health (ICH), Kolkata, India's first dedicated pediatric institute, founded 1956 by Dr K.C. Chaudhuri, inaugurated by Nehru in 1957; nonprofit trust-run children's hospital and teaching institute at Park Circus.