25,729 articles
Inguinal orchiectomy
Inguinal orchiectomy is a urologic procedure that removes a testicle and its spermatic cord through a groin incision, the standard of care for suspected testicular cancer.
Inhalant
Inhalants: volatile solvents, aerosols, gases, and nitrites inhaled to get high, also called huffing or sniffing. Common household products; peak use at ages 14-15; no evidence-based treatment per Cochrane.
Inhalation Administration
Inhalation Administration (MeSH Administration, Inhalation) is drug delivery by the respiratory route via pMDIs, dry powder inhalers, soft mist inhalers, and nebulizers; first-line for asthma and COPD, with no proven clinical advantage of any device over the cheapest pMDI.
Inhalation Anesthesia
Inhalation anesthesia: general anesthesia via inhaled agents (sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, nitrous oxide). Began with Morton's 1846 ether demonstration; potency measured by MAC; agents eliminated by exhalation; desflurane has the largest environmental impact.
Inhalation Spacers
Inhalation spacers, also called holding chambers or valved holding chambers (VHCs), are add-on tubes for metered-dose inhalers that hold the aerosol so patients can inhale slowly, improving lung delivery and reducing throat side effects; first valved spacer patented 1976 (Nebuhaler).
Inhalation technique
Inhalation technique is the set of actions a patient performs to inhale medication from an inhaler or nebulizer, determining how much drug reaches the lungs in asthma and COPD.
Inhalational administration
Inhalational administration is a route of drug delivery in which medication is breathed into the lungs as an aerosol or dry powder via inhalers or nebulizers.
Inhalational anesthesia
Inhalational anesthesia is general anesthesia given through the lungs with volatile agents or nitrous oxide, the maintenance technique in about three quarters of UK general anesthetics.
Inhalational anthrax
Inhalational anthrax, also called pulmonary anthrax, is the deadliest form of Bacillus anthracis infection, acquired by inhaling spores that germinate in mediastinal lymph nodes; almost always fatal untreated, about 55% survive with aggressive treatment, best with combination antibiotics.
Inhaler
Inhaler, also called pMDI, metered-dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler (DPI), or soft mist inhaler (SMI): handheld device delivering asthma and COPD drugs to the lungs; first pMDI 1956, devices clinically equivalent when technique is correct, pMDI propellants carry high carbon footprint.
Inherited acute myeloid leukemia
Inherited acute myeloid leukemia (familial AML, germline predisposition) is a rare clonal myeloid malignancy driven by inherited variants in CEBPA, DDX41, RUNX1, GATA2, ETV6, ANKRD26, and TP53, affecting 4–10% of young AML/MDS patients.
Inherited Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Inherited Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (familial or genetic CJD) is a rare autosomal dominant prion disease caused by PRNP mutations, accounting for 10-15% of CJD, with E200K the most common mutation.
Inherited disorders of cobalamin processing
Inherited disorders of cobalamin processing (cblA-cblJ complementation groups) are autosomal recessive, except X-linked cblX, inborn errors impairing vitamin B12 conversion to AdoCbl and MeCbl, causing methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria; cblC is most common.
Inherited retinal dystrophies
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs), genetic retinal degenerations including retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease, and Leber congenital amaurosis, affect about 1 in 3,000 people; over 350 genes are known, and Luxturna was the first approved gene therapy.
Inhibin
Inhibin is a gonadal glycoprotein hormone of the TGF-β superfamily, secreted by Sertoli and granulosa cells, that suppresses FSH secretion; it is used in prenatal screening for Down syndrome and as a marker of ovarian reserve.
Inhibitory interneuron
Inhibitory interneurons are local-circuit neurons, mostly GABAergic (glycinergic in spinal cord), about 20% of cortical neurons, subdivided into PV, SOM, and 5HT3aR classes that stabilize networks, generate oscillations, and prevent epilepsy.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP): hyperpolarizing or shunting postsynaptic response at GABA/glycine synapses, discovered by Eccles in 1952 in cat spinal motoneurons, driven by chloride and potassium conductances.
Iniencephaly
Iniencephaly (ICD-10 Q00.2) is a rare, usually lethal neural tube defect with occipital bone defect, cervical spina bifida, extreme fixed retroflexion of the head, and apparent absence of the neck, often with anencephaly and other malformations.
Iniparib
Iniparib (BSI-201, SAR240550), 4-iodo-3-nitrobenzamide, an investigational anticancer drug once classed as a PARP inhibitor; promising phase 2 results in triple-negative breast cancer were not confirmed in phase 3, and it acts via cysteine-protein modification.
Initial orthostatic hypotension
Initial orthostatic hypotension (IOH) is a transient fall of ≥40 mmHg systolic and/or ≥20 mmHg diastolic blood pressure within 15 seconds of standing, resolving in 45–60 seconds, caused by delayed vasoconstrictive compensation, not autonomic failure.
Initial periodontal therapy
Initial periodontal therapy, also known as Phase I or cause-related therapy, is the first active phase of periodontitis treatment, combining plaque control, scaling, and risk-factor control.
INITonSD trial
INITonSD (NCT07232316) is a completed single-blinded randomized trial at Ziauddin University, Karachi, comparing Integrated Neuromuscular Inhibition Technique with conventional exercise in 82 adults aged 20-40 with Scapular Dyskinesis Type II over six weeks.
INjECT trial
The INjECT trial is a phase 2, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial testing whether repeated intradermal botulinum toxin type A injections relieve neuropathic pain from carpal tunnel syndrome in Italy.
Injectable bioelectronic mesh
Injectable bioelectronic mesh is a flexible, biocompatible electronic mesh injected through a syringe needle that unfurls inside soft tissue to record from or stimulate many neurons.
Injectable cryogel
An injectable cryogel scaffold is a macroporous hydrogel, made by cryogelation at subzero temperatures, that can be injected through a needle and regains its shape.
Injectable peptide hydrogel for spinal cord repair
An injectable peptide hydrogel for spinal cord repair is a biomaterial injected as a liquid that gels to support regeneration; Northwestern's "dancing molecules" restored walking in paralyzed mice in 2021.
Injection (medicine)
Injections: introduction of substances into the body with a needle and syringe, a parenteral drug and vaccine route (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal). At least 16 billion given yearly worldwide; hypodermic injection dates to 1853.
Injection laryngoplasty
Injection laryngoplasty is a surgical technique for vocal fold insufficiency, first described in 1911, that injects temporary or long-lasting fillers to treat paralysis, atrophy, and scarring.
Injection sclerotherapy
Injection sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive procedure in which a sclerosing agent is injected into a vein to scar it shut, treating varicose veins, hemorrhoids, and esophageal varices.
Injury
Injury: bodily damage from acute overexposure to mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, or radiant energy exceeding physiological tolerance, or from loss of air, water, or warmth; kills 4.4 million people yearly worldwide.