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Inflammatory disorders of breast
Inflammatory disorders of breast (ICD-11 GB21, ICD-10 N61), also called mastitis spectrum, are inflammatory breast conditions including lactational mastitis, breast abscess, granulomatous and periductal mastitis, and the malignant mimic inflammatory breast cancer.
Inflammatory meningitis
Inflammatory meningitis (ICD-11 8E40.2) is meningeal inflammation from an underlying inflammatory disorder, not infection, causing headache, neck stiffness, fever, and photophobia; causes include sarcoidosis, Behçet disease, SLE, Sjögren's, and drugs.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), formerly inflammatory pseudotumor or plasma cell granuloma, is a rare ALK-fusion-driven soft tissue sarcoma of children and young adults, usually in lung, abdomen, or retroperitoneum, treated by resection and crizotinib.
Inflammatory myopathy with abundant macrophages
Inflammatory myopathy with abundant macrophages (IMAM, ORPHA:247718) is a rare idiopathic inflammatory myopathy with CD68+ macrophage infiltration of muscle fascia, proximal weakness, elevated creatine kinase, and dermatomyositis-like skin lesions in 65% of cases.
Inflammatory polyneuropathy
Inflammatory polyneuropathy (ICD-10 G61) covers autoimmune peripheral-nerve disorders, chiefly acute Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), treated with IVIg, corticosteroids, plasma exchange, and, since 2024, efgartigimod.
Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver
Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver (IPTL, hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor) is a rare benign liver lesion of myofibroblastic spindle cells and inflammatory infiltrate mimicking malignancy; ICD-10 K75.8, subtypes fibrohistiocytic and lymphoplasmacytic.
Inflammatory vaginitis
Inflammatory vaginitis, or desquamative inflammatory vaginitis (DIV), ICD-11 GA02.1, is a rare noninfectious vaginal inflammation with purulent discharge, elevated pH, and parabasal cells, treated with vaginal clindamycin or hydrocortisone.
Infliximab
Infliximab (Remicade, cA2) is a chimeric 75% human/25% mouse IgG1 anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody, first FDA-approved August 24, 1998 for Crohn's disease, given 5 mg/kg IV, with biosimilars CT-P13 and SB2.
Influenza pandemic
Influenza pandemic: global outbreak from a novel influenza A virus (H1N1, H2N2, H3N2) with little population immunity; 1918, 1957, 1968, 2009 pandemics killed from ~100,000 to 50 million.
Influenza trivalent vaccine
Influenza trivalent vaccine, also called TIV or seasonal trivalent flu vaccine, protects against three viruses: one A(H1N1), one A(H3N2), and one B/Victoria lineage strain, updated annually per WHO recommendations; all US flu vaccines have been trivalent since 2024-2025.
Influenza vaccine
Influenza vaccine (flu shot): annually reformulated vaccine against influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B/Victoria; trivalent in the US for 2026-2027; effectiveness often below 45%; first mRNA flu vaccine mFlusiva approved August 2026.
Influenza vaccine, inactivated
Inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV, flu shot): killed-virus injectable vaccine in whole virus, split virion, and subunit forms, 15 µg HA per strain, given annually from age 6 months; pooled efficacy 59% in adults 18–65.
Influenza vaccine, live, intranasal
Influenza vaccine, live, intranasal (FluMist, MedImmune/AstraZeneca) is the only US nasal spray flu vaccine, a cold-adapted live attenuated vaccine for ages 2-49, FDA approved 2003, self-administered since 2024.
Influenza virus vaccine
Influenza virus vaccine: annual vaccine against influenza A and B, given from age 6 months. Types include inactivated (Fluvirin, Flucelvax), live nasal FluMist, recombinant Flublok, and mRNA mFlusiva (2026).
Influenza-like illness
Influenza-like illness (ILI) is a syndromic surveillance category defined by fever plus cough (WHO: ≥38°C; CDC: 100°F with cough or sore throat), tracked via ILINet, GISRS, and sentinel networks to monitor influenza epidemics without lab confirmation.
Infrared sauna
Infrared sauna, also called far-infrared sauna: a cabin using infrared lamps or panels to heat the body directly at 110–135 °F, unlike traditional saunas; studied for heart failure, hypertension, and chronic pain.
Infraspinatus muscle
Infraspinatus (Musculus infraspinatus), a rotator cuff muscle of the scapula's infraspinous fossa inserting on the humerus greater tubercle; external rotation and shoulder stabilization, suprascapular nerve C5-C6, prone to tendinopathy and tears.
Infrequent episodic tension-type headache
Infrequent episodic tension-type headache (ICHD-3 code 2.1, ICD-11 8A81.0) is a primary headache with bilateral pressing pain on fewer than 1 day per month, lasting 30 minutes to 7 days, without nausea.
Infrequent menstrual bleeding
Infrequent menstrual bleeding (ICD-11 GA20.11, 希発月経出血), formerly oligomenorrhea, is menstrual bleeding at intervals longer than 38 days by FIGO definition, usually from ovulatory disorders such as PCOS, hypothalamic amenorrhea, or hyperprolactinemia.
Infundibulo-neurohypophysitis
Infundibulo-neurohypophysitis is a rare acquired form of primary hypophysitis marked by inflammation of the posterior pituitary and stalk, causing diabetes insipidus with excessive thirst and urination.
Infusion Pumps
Infusion pumps: medical devices delivering fluids and drugs (insulin, antibiotics, chemotherapy, pain relievers) in controlled amounts; FDA Class 2 devices under 21 CFR 880.5725, cleared via 510(k), with types including syringe, elastomeric, peristaltic, PCA, and smart pumps.
Infusional fluorouracil and leucovorin regimen
The infusional fluorouracil and leucovorin regimen is a chemotherapy combination giving 5-fluorouracil by continuous intravenous infusion with leucovorin, used chiefly to treat colorectal and other cancers.
Ingenol disoxate
Ingenol disoxate (LEO 43204) is a chemically stable topical ingenol ester gel from LEO Pharma for field treatment of actinic keratosis; effective in phase 2-3 trials but PRAC found skin tumour risk outweighed benefits.
Ingenol mebutate
Ingenol mebutate (Picato, PEP005), a topical gel from Euphorbia peplus sap for actinic keratosis; two-to-three-day dosing, weaker 12-month clearance than 5-fluorouracil, withdrawn in the EU in 2020 for skin cancer risk.
Ingestion of semen in humans
Ingestion of semen (swallowing seminal fluid): composition, calories, STI and HIV risk, seminal plasma hypersensitivity, preeclampsia and mood claims, and myths, with evidence-based figures.
Ingrown hair
An ingrown hair is a removed hair that grows back into the skin, causing itchy bumps; the chronic beard form is pseudofolliculitis barbae, or razor bumps.
Ingrown nail
Ingrowing nail (onychocryptosis, ingrown toenail): nail edge punctures the nail fold, mainly the great toe of young men; treated conservatively or by nail avulsion with phenol ablation.
Inguinal hernia
Inguinal hernia: protrusion of abdominal contents through a weak groin in the abdominal wall; 75% of abdominal wall hernias, lifetime incidence 27% in men. Treated by watchful waiting or open, laparoscopic, or Shouldice repair.
Inguinal hernia surgery
Inguinal hernia surgery, or groin hernia repair, corrects inguinal hernias via open Lichtenstein mesh repair or laparoscopic TAPP/TEP; laparoscopy reduces chronic pain 26–46% but takes longer.
Inguinal lymph nodes
Inguinal lymph nodes (nodi lymphoidei inguinales), groin lymph nodes in superficial and deep groups, drain the legs, genitals, perineum, and lower abdominal wall into the external iliac nodes; key sites for infection signs and cancer staging.