25,729 articles
Involved-field radiation therapy
Involved-field radiation therapy (IFRT) is a lymphoma radiotherapy technique treating only involved nodal regions rather than whole areas, later refined into the smaller involved-site volumes now standard.
IO TXA trial
IO TXA trial: randomized trials of intraosseous regional tranexamic acid versus intravenous TXA in total joint arthroplasty; 2026 TKA trial (NCT07614087 pharmacokinetics) showed less blood loss but a possible DVT signal.
Iobitridol
Iobitridol (Xenetix) is a non-ionic, low-osmolar, tri-iodinated iodinated contrast medium by Guerbet, sold in Europe at 250-350 mg I/ml for CT, angiography, and urography; not marketed in the United States.
Iocetamic acid
Iocetamic acid (Cholebrine, Cholebrin, MP-620) is a tri-iodinated oral cholecystographic X-ray contrast medium, ATC V08AC07, approved by FDA in 1973 for Mallinckrodt's 750 mg tablet and now discontinued.
Iodamide
Iodamide (Uromiro, Odiston) is an ionic monomeric triiodinated benzoic acid contrast medium, ATC V08AA03, once used intravenously for urography and CT in Europe; largely replaced by nonionic low-osmolality agents.
Iodine (131I) metuximab
Iodine (131I) metuximab (Licartin, 利卡汀) is a Chinese 131I-labeled anti-CD147 (HAb18G) F(ab')2 radioimmunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, approved 2007, dosed 27.75 MBq/kg via hepatic artery; production currently halted.
Iodine deficiency
Iodine deficiency: insufficient dietary iodine for thyroid hormone synthesis, causing goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism, and impaired cognition. Controlled mainly by universal salt iodization; measured by median urinary iodine concentration.
Iodine i 124 girentuximab
Iodine-124 girentuximab (Redectane, 124I-cG250) is a PET radiotracer of CAIX for detecting clear cell renal cell carcinoma; validated in REDECT (sensitivity 86.2%, specificity 85.9%), later superseded by 89Zr-girentuximab.
Iodine i 131 apamistamab
Iodine I 131 apamistamab (Iomab-B, 131I-BC8) is a murine anti-CD45 radioimmunoconjugate for myeloablative conditioning before transplant in relapsed/refractory AML; SIERRA met dCR endpoint but FDA requires an OS trial.
Iodine-125 seed implantation
Iodine-125 seed implantation is a permanent low-dose-rate brachytherapy technique in which small radioactive seeds are placed inside or around a tumor, best established for localized prostate cancer.
Iodine-131 chimeric tumor necrosis therapy antibody (131I-chTNT)
131I-chTNT (Vivatuxin, 唯美生; brain tumor name Cotara) is an iodine-131-labeled human-mouse chimeric antibody targeting necrotic tumor cell nuclei, approved in China in 2003 for advanced lung cancer radioimmunotherapy.
Iodipamide
Iodipamide (adipiodone, brand Cholografin) is an iodinated hepatotropic X-ray contrast medium used for intravenous cholangiography; FDA-approved 1954, now discontinued.
Iodised salt
Iodised salt is food-grade salt fortified with iodine (potassium iodide or iodate) to prevent goitre and iodine deficiency disorders; WHO recommends universal salt iodization, adopted in 126 countries with mandatory legislation as of 2021.
Iodohippurate
Iodohippurate (ortho-iodohippuric acid, OIH) is a hippuric acid radiopharmaceutical labeled with I-123 or I-131, cleared by renal tubular secretion (OAT1, ~500-600 mL/min) for renography and effective renal blood flow measurement.
Iodoxamic acid
Iodoxamic acid (Endobil, Endomirabil, BC-17) is a hexaiodinated dimeric ionic contrast medium, C26H26I6N2O10, given intravenously as meglumine salt for cholecystography and cholangiography; first approved 1982, now discontinued.
Iofetamine
Iofetamine (iofetamine hydrochloride I-123, IMP, brand SPECTAMINE) is an iodine-123-labeled amphetamine analog radiopharmaceutical for cerebral perfusion SPECT, later eclipsed by 99mTc-HMPAO and 99mTc-ECD.
Ioflupane (123I)
Ioflupane (123I), sold as DaTscan, is a radioactive cocaine analog that binds the dopamine transporter for SPECT imaging in parkinsonian syndromes and dementia with Lewy bodies.
Iohexol clearance
Iohexol clearance is a clinical test that measures kidney function by tracking injected iohexol's disappearance from blood, giving a measured glomerular filtration rate for transplant, donor, and drug-dosing decisions.
Ion beam therapy
Ion beam therapy is external beam radiotherapy using accelerated charged ions, mainly protons and carbon ions, delivering a high dose inside tumors with steep falloff beyond them.
Ion radiation therapy
Ion radiation therapy treats cancer with charged particle beams, mainly protons and carbon ions, which deposit most of their dose inside the tumor and spare tissue beyond it.
Ionic gelation
Ionic gelation is a mild, solvent-free encapsulation method that cross-links charged polymers with counter-ions in water to form hydrogel beads, microparticles, and nanoparticles for drugs and probiotics.
Ionis Pharmaceuticals
Ionis Pharmaceuticals (IONS), formerly Isis Pharmaceuticals, is a Carlsbad, California biotech pioneering antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) medicines. It markets SPINRAZA, QALSODY, WAINUA, TEGSEDI, WAYLIVRA, and TRYNGOLZA, and launched independently in 2025.
Ionizable lipid pKa optimization
Ionizable lipid pKa optimization tunes the protonation of ionizable lipids in lipid nanoparticles so they deliver RNA cargo efficiently, as in Onpattro and COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.
Iontophoresis
Iontophoresis is a drug delivery method that uses a small electric current to push charged drugs through the skin, and stimulates sweating for the cystic fibrosis sweat test.
Iopamidol
Iopamidol is a nonionic, low-osmolality iodinated contrast medium, sold as Isovue, Niopam, and Iopamiron, developed by Bracco and launched in 1981 for CT and angiography.
Iopanoic acid
Iopanoic acid (Telepaque), introduced 1951, is a triiodinated oral cholecystographic contrast medium for gallbladder X-ray imaging that also inhibits T4-to-T3 deiodinase and is used off-label for severe hyperthyroidism; tablets are discontinued.
Iophendylate
Iophendylate (Pantopaque, Myodil, iofendylate) is an oil-based iodinated X-ray contrast agent introduced in 1944 for myelography, ventriculography, and cisternography; poorly absorbed and linked to arachnoiditis, it was replaced by metrizamide in the 1970s.
Iopromide
Iopromide, marketed as Ultravist by Bayer, is a nonionic, low-osmolar, tri-iodinated X-ray contrast agent developed by Schering, launched in Europe in 1985, and sold in over 70 countries.
Iothalamic acid
Iothalamic acid is a tri-iodinated benzoic acid derivative that serves as a high-osmolality X-ray contrast agent marketed as Conray, and its radioiodinated sodium salt measures glomerular filtration rate.
Iotrolan
Iotrolan (Isovist, Osmovist) is a non-ionic dimeric, iso-osmolar iodinated X-ray contrast medium (ATC V08AB06, MW 1626.24) used intrathecally for myelography and for arthrography; FDA-approved 1989, later discontinued in the US and Canada.