25,729 articles
Ischemic cardiomyopathy
Ischemic cardiomyopathy: coronary artery disease with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (EF <35–40%), term coined by Burch 1970. Treated with guideline-directed medical therapy; CABG, not PCI, shows 10-year survival benefit (STICH vs REVIVED-BCIS2).
Ischemic colitis
Ischaemic colitis, also called colon ischemia, is the most common gastrointestinal ischemia, caused by inadequate colonic blood flow, typically at watershed areas, presenting with abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea, managed supportively or surgically.
Ischemic compression
Ischemic compression is a manual therapy technique in which sustained pressure is applied to myofascial trigger points to reduce pain, raise pressure pain threshold, and improve range of motion.
Ischemic postconditioning
Ischemic postconditioning is a cardioprotective procedure applying brief cycles of reperfusion and re-occlusion when blood flow is restored after ischemia, to limit lethal reperfusion injury.
Ischemic preconditioning
Ischemic preconditioning is a cardioprotective strategy in which brief ischemic episodes make heart muscle resistant to infarction, first shown in dogs in 1986; large clinical trials have been neutral.
Ischiorectal abscess
Ischiorectal abscess (ischioanal abscess), second most common anorectal abscess, from anal gland infection spreading through the external sphincter into the ischiorectal fossa; treated by incision and drainage, often followed by fistula.
Ischium
Ischium (os ischii), the sit bone: posterior-inferior third of the hip bone, formed of body and ramus, bearing the ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, and sciatic notches, and contributing to the acetabulum.
ISCoPE trial
ISCoPE (Injured Spinal Cord Pressure Evaluation, NCT02721615) is an ongoing St George's, University of London observational trial monitoring intraspinal pressure at the injury site after severe traumatic spinal cord injury, showing elevated pressure, compartmentalization, and patient-specific optimal perfusion pressure.
Islatravir
Islatravir (MK-8591, EFdA), Merck's nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor for HIV-1; 2021 FDA clinical holds over lymphocyte declines; approved 2026 as IDVYNSO with doravirine; once-weekly ISL/LEN in Phase 3.
Islet transplantation
Islet transplantation is a cell therapy infusing insulin-producing pancreatic islets from deceased donors into people with diabetes; the FDA approved the first therapy, Lantidra, in 2023.
ISM3091 / XL309 (USP1 inhibitor)
ISM3091, renamed XL309, is an oral USP1 inhibitor discovered by Insilico Medicine's Chemistry42 AI platform and licensed to Exelixis for $80 million upfront in 2023; it is in a Phase 1 solid tumor trial with olaparib.
ISMV study
ISMV study: International Study of Mechanical Ventilation, VENTILA group observational cohorts of ventilated ICU patients run every six years since 1998; fourth edition NCT02731898 (2016), primary outcome ICU mortality.
ISO 10993
ISO 10993 is a multi-part ISO standard series for the biological evaluation of medical devices within a risk management process, maintained by ISO/TC 194 and recognized by the FDA and EU regulators.
ISO 15189
ISO 15189 is an international standard specifying quality and competence requirements for medical laboratories, covering personnel, equipment, testing, and result reporting; the current edition was published in 2022.
Isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid (Marplan) is an irreversible, non-selective hydrazine MAO-A/MAO-B inhibitor antidepressant marketed in 1959, dosed orally 10–60 mg daily, used for treatment-resistant depression with tyramine diet restrictions.
Isoconazole
Isoconazole (Travogen) is a racemic imidazole antifungal, CAS 27523-40-6, C18H14Cl4N2O, used as the nitrate in 1% creams and vaginal tablets; it inhibits fungal 14α-demethylase and treats dermatomycoses and vaginal candidiasis.
Isoetharine
Isoetharine (etyprenaline; Bronkosol, Bronkometer) is a discontinued, relatively selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist catecholamine bronchodilator for asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema, developed in 1934 at Hoechst and withdrawn from US marketing for non-safety reasons.
Isoflurane
Isoflurane (Forane, Aerrane) is a fluorinated ether inhalational general anesthetic synthesized by Ross Terrell in 1969, U.S.-approved 1979; GABA_A-potentiating, blood/gas coefficient 1.4, MAC 1.28% in young adults, widely used in human and veterinary anesthesia.
Isogeneic Transplantation
Isogeneic transplantation, also known as syngeneic transplantation, is a transplant between genetically identical individuals, typically identical twins; the first successful human organ transplant, a 1954 kidney transfer between twins, was of this kind.
Isolated aniridia
Isolated aniridia (ORPHA:250923, congenital aniridia) is a rare bilateral congenital absence or hypoplasia of the iris without systemic features, caused by heterozygous PAX6 mutations at 11p13, autosomal dominant, with foveal hypoplasia, nystagmus, glaucoma, and poor vision.
Isolated ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum
Isolated ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum (AFA), also called isolated congenital eyelid-band anomaly, is a rare birth defect with thin tissue bands joining the eyelids, treated by simple neonatal cutting to prevent amblyopia.
Isolated anophthalmia
Isolated anophthalmia: congenital absence of one or both eyes without other eye or systemic anomalies; non-syndromic MAC group, prevalence about 1 in 30,000, caused by SOX2, OTX2, STRA6 variants, chromosomal defects, or environmental exposures.
Isolated anterior cervical hypertrichosis
Isolated anterior cervical hypertrichosis, also called hairy throat syndrome or Tsukahara-Kajii syndrome (OMIM 600457), is an extremely rare genetic hair anomaly: a tuft of terminal hair above the laryngeal prominence, present from birth or childhood, usually the sole finding, with laser epilation as main treatment.
Isolated asymptomatic elevation of creatine phosphokinase
Isolated asymptomatic elevation of creatine phosphokinase, or idiopathic asymptomatic hyperCKemia (ORPHA:206599, ICD-10 R74.8), is persistent serum CK elevation without neuromuscular disease evidence; evaluation requires repeat testing, excluding non-neuromuscular causes, and genetic testing.
Isolated cerebellar agenesis
Isolated cerebellar agenesis (ORPHA:1398, ICD-10 Q04.3) is a rare non-syndromic malformation with complete or near-complete absence of the cerebellum, normal-sized posterior fossa, ataxia, dysarthria, and developmental impairment.
Isolated cerebellar vermis hypoplasia
Isolated cerebellar vermis hypoplasia (ORPHA:199630), a rare non-syndromic malformation of the cerebellar vermis; variable outcome from normal development to ataxia, delay, and epilepsy; generally favorable when truly isolated.
Isolated cleft lip
Isolated cleft lip (ORPHA:199302, ICD-11 LA40) is a non-syndromic embryopathy with a cleft from upper lip to nasal base; incidence 1/4,000-1/10,000 births, male-predominant, left-sided, multifactorial, repaired within 12 months.
Isolated congenital adermatoglyphia
Isolated congenital adermatoglyphia (adermatoglyphia, ADERM, immigration delay disease) is a rare autosomal dominant SMARCAD1-related disorder causing congenital absence of fingerprints, with reduced palm and sole sweating and no other manifestations.
Isolated congenital anonychia
Isolated congenital anonychia (anonychia congenita, hyponychia congenita) is a rare recessive RSPO4-related disorder on chromosome 20p13 causing absence or hypoplasia of all fingernails and toenails from birth, with no other abnormalities.
Isolated congenital anosmia
Isolated congenital anosmia (ICA, OMIM 107200) is a rare, non-syndromic inability to smell from birth, caused by olfactory bulb defects or epithelial replacement; mostly sporadic, linked to CNGA2 and other genes.