25,729 articles
Laropiprant
Laropiprant (MK-0524), a selective prostaglandin D2 DP1 receptor antagonist developed by Merck to reduce niacin-induced flushing; combined with extended-release niacin as Tredaptive/Cordaptive, then suspended in the EU after HPS2-THRIVE showed no cardiovascular benefit and excess serious adverse events.
Larotaxel
Larotaxel (RPR 109881, XRP9881), a Sanofi semi-synthetic taxane from 10-deacetylbaccatin III, stabilizes microtubules, is a poor P-glycoprotein substrate, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and was discontinued after phase III trials without market approval.
Larotrectinib
Larotrectinib (Vitrakvi) is an oral, highly selective TRK inhibitor for NTRK fusion-positive solid tumors, FDA accelerated approval November 2018, tumor-agnostic, 75% response rate, approved in over 40 countries.
Larry A. Green
Larry A. Green is an American family physician and health services researcher at the University of Colorado, known for research on the usual source of care.
Larry Culpepper
Larry Culpepper is an American family physician who founded the Department of Family Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and joined the National Academy of Medicine in 1998.
Larry R. Kaiser
Larry R. Kaiser is an American cardiothoracic surgeon who led surgery at Penn, served as President of UTHealth Houston, and joined Alvarez & Marsal in 2020.
Larsen syndrome
Larsen syndrome (LRS, OMIM 150250) is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia caused by FLNB mutations, marked by congenital large-joint dislocations, clubfeet, cleft palate, distinctive facies, and cervical spine dysplasia.
Laryngeal abductor paralysis
Laryngeal abductor paralysis (abductor vocal cord paralysis, AVCP): impaired opening of the vocal folds during inspiration due to posterior cricoarytenoid weakness, causing stridor and airway obstruction when bilateral.
Laryngeal abductor paralysis-intellectual disability syndrome
Laryngeal abductor paralysis-intellectual disability syndrome (Plott syndrome, ORPHA:2375, OMIM 308850) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder of males with congenital permanent vocal cord paralysis, severe neonatal stridor, and intellectual disability; gene not localized.
Laryngeal cancer
Laryngeal cancer, cancer of the larynx (voice box), mostly squamous cell carcinoma; US 2025 estimates 13,020 new cases, 3,910 deaths; incidence falling about 2.5% yearly; treated by radiation, surgery, or chemoradiation for larynx preservation.
Laryngeal diphtheria
Laryngeal diphtheria is respiratory diphtheria caused by toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae infecting the larynx, marked by hoarseness, a barking cough, and an adherent pseudomembrane that can obstruct the airway; treated with antitoxin and antibiotics.
Laryngeal hypoplasia
Laryngeal hypoplasia is congenital underdevelopment of the larynx (ICD-10 Q31.2, ICD-11 LA71.2), a narrowed airway presenting at or soon after birth, often with syndromes such as Opitz-G and Marshall-Smith.
Laryngeal mask airway
Laryngeal mask airway (LMA), also called supraglottic airway device: cuffed tube invented by Archie Brain in 1981, seated over the larynx for anesthesia, neonatal resuscitation, and emergency airway management without tracheal intubation.
Laryngeal neuroendocrine tumor
Laryngeal neuroendocrine tumor: rare supraglottic epithelial neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation; classified as NET G1–G3, small/large cell NEC, or MiNEN; G2 NET most common, HRAS-mutated, calcitonin-positive.
Laryngeal papillomatosis
Laryngeal papillomatosis, or recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), is a rare HPV 6/11-caused disease with recurrent benign airway tumors, mostly in the larynx, treated by repeated surgery, bevacizumab, and the 2025-approved immunotherapy Papzimeos.
Laryngectomy
Laryngectomy: surgical removal of all or part of the larynx (voice box), mainly for laryngeal cancer. Total laryngectomy, first done by Billroth in 1873, creates a permanent neck stoma, separates airway from digestive tract, and requires voice rehabilitation (TEP prosthesis, esophageal speech, electrolarynx).
Laryngitis
Laryngitis, inflammation of the larynx or voice box, causes hoarseness and voice loss, usually from viral infection; acute cases resolve in 1 to 2 weeks, while chronic laryngitis lasting over 3 weeks needs laryngoscopy.
Laryngo-onycho-cutaneous syndrome
Laryngo-onycho-cutaneous syndrome (LOC, Shabbir syndrome, LOGIC syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive subtype of junctional epidermolysis bullosa caused by LAMA3 mutations, marked by granulation tissue of larynx, conjunctiva, and nails, mainly in Punjabi families.
Laryngocele
A laryngocele is a rare, air-filled dilatation of the laryngeal saccule that causes hoarseness, cough, and sometimes a neck mass, mainly in men over 50; treatment is surgical excision.
Laryngomalacia
Laryngomalacia, congenital softening of the supraglottic larynx causing inspiratory stridor, is the most common congenital laryngeal anomaly; most cases resolve by age 2, severe cases need supraglottoplasty.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR, silent or extraesophageal reflux): backflow of gastric contents into the larynx and pharynx causing cough, hoarseness, and globus, often without heartburn; distinguished from LPRD by objective reflux testing.
Laryngoplasty
Laryngoplasty, also known as medialization laryngoplasty, is head and neck surgery that reshapes the larynx's cartilage, typically placing an implant beside a paralyzed vocal fold to restore voice.
Laryngoscopes
Laryngoscopes, also called laryngoscope blades or videolaryngoscopes (GlideScope, C-MAC), are lighted instruments for viewing the larynx, used for diagnosing voice-box disease and guiding endotracheal intubation.
Laryngoscopy
Laryngoscopy: visual examination of the larynx and vocal folds, directly or indirectly. Types include mirror (indirect), flexible fiberoptic, direct rigid, and videolaryngoscopy; pioneered by Manuel Garcia in 1854 and Alfred Kirstein in 1895.
Laryngospasm
Laryngospasm, reflex glottic closure by laryngeal adductor muscles causing partial or complete airway obstruction; perioperative incidence about 8.7/1,000 anesthetics (17.4/1,000 in children), managed with CPAP, Larson maneuver, propofol or succinylcholine.
Laryngotracheal reconstruction
Laryngotracheal reconstruction is an open surgical operation that widens a narrowed larynx or trachea, most often in children, by interposing cartilage grafts to treat laryngotracheal stenosis.
Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft
Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft (LTEC, laryngeal cleft): rare congenital posterior communication between larynx, trachea, and esophagus; Benjamin-Inglis types I-IV; incidence 1/10,000-1/20,000 live births; treated conservatively or by endoscopic/open repair.
Larynx
Larynx (voice box): cartilaginous organ at C3-C6 connecting pharynx to trachea; divided into supraglottis, glottis, subglottis; protects the airway, enables phonation; cricoid is the only complete airway ring; innervated by vagus branches.
Larynx atresia
Larynx atresia (laryngeal atresia), ORPHA:1202, is a rare congenital absence of the laryngeal lumen causing CHAOS, lethal without immediate airway intervention such as EXIT or delivery-room tracheostomy.
LASEK
LASEK (laser epithelial keratomileusis) is a surface laser eye surgery for myopia and astigmatism, a modification of PRK that preserves the epithelium while avoiding LASIK flap complications.