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Neal S. Bricker
Neal S. Bricker (1927–2015) was an American nephrologist who proposed the intact nephron and trade-off hypotheses and was the first president of the American Society of Nephrology.
Near vision impairment
Near vision impairment (ICD-11 9D90.7) is presenting near visual acuity worse than N6 at 40 cm with existing correction, mainly from presbyopia; 826 million people are unaddressed, over 800 million lack reading glasses, and WHO targets a 40-point eREC rise by 2030.
Near visual acuity
Near visual acuity is the smallest readable print at reading distance (about 35-40 cm), tested with Jaeger, Rosenbaum, N-notation, or ETDRS near charts; Jaeger's 1854 Schrift-Scalen was the first standard, but Jaeger sizes were never defined.
Near-infrared fluorescence imaging
Near-infrared fluorescence imaging, also called infrared fluorescence imaging, is an optical technique using fluorescent probes to visualize vessels, bile ducts, lymphatics, and tumors during diagnosis and surgery.
Near-infrared II fluorescence imaging
Near-infrared II fluorescence imaging is an optical technique using 1,000–1,700 nm fluorescent probes to image deep tissue, such as blood vessels and tumors, with high resolution.
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a targeted cancer therapy in which an antibody-bound dye activated by near-infrared light kills tumor cells; its agent Akalux is approved in Japan for head and neck cancer.
Near-sightedness
Near-sightedness (myopia) is a refractive error in which light focuses in front of the retina, blurring distance vision. Onset is typically ages 6–14; atropine drops, multifocal lenses, and orthokeratology slow childhood progression.
Nebacumab
Nebacumab (Centoxin, HA-1A), a human IgM monoclonal antibody against endotoxin lipid A from Centocor for Gram-negative sepsis; approved in Europe 1991, rejected by FDA 1992, withdrawn after excess mortality.
Nebivolol
Nebivolol, sold under the brand names Bystolic and Nebilet, is a third-generation, β1-selective beta blocker used to treat hypertension, approved in Europe in 1995 and in the United States in 2007.
Nebraska Medical Center
The Nebraska Medical Center is a 718-bed academic hospital in Omaha, Nebraska, formed in 1997 by merging Clarkson and University hospitals; it is the University of Nebraska Medical Center's teaching hospital.
Nebulizer
Nebulizer: a medical device turning liquid medication into an inhaled mist for asthma, COPD, and other lung diseases. Types are jet, ultrasonic, and vibrating mesh; first atomizer dates to 1849 France.
Necatoriasis
Necatoriasis, or uncinariasis, is human hookworm infection caused by Necator americanus, transmitted by skin-penetrating larvae from contaminated soil, causing iron-deficiency anemia, treated with albendazole or mebendazole.
Necitumumab
Necitumumab (Portrazza, IMC-11F8), a fully human IgG1 anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody; FDA-approved 2015 with gemcitabine-cisplatin for first-line squamous NSCLC, adding 1.6 months median survival; EU authorization lapsed 2021.
Neck
The neck (cervical spine): seven vertebrae C1–C7, atlas and axis, eight cervical nerves, discs and facet joints, supporting the head, enabling motion, and protecting the spinal cord.
Neck pain
Neck pain (cervicalgia): pain between the skull base, first thoracic vertebra, and trapezius insertions. Affects about 203 million people globally (2020); usually caused by posture, sleeping position, pinched nerve, or whiplash, and mostly improves with self-care in 2–3 weeks.
Necrobiosis lipoidica
Necrobiosis lipoidica (NLD, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum) is a rare chronic granulomatous skin disease causing yellow-brown atrophic shin plaques, associated with diabetes, ulcerating in up to a third of cases, with no approved treatment.
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma (NXG) is a rare, chronic non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis with yellow-orange, often periorbital plaques, strongly associated with paraproteinemia, MGUS, and multiple myeloma; first described 1980.
Necrosectomy
Necrosectomy is the removal of dead tissue, most often necrotic pancreatic and peripancreatic tissue in severe necrotizing pancreatitis, now usually done by a minimally invasive step-up approach starting with drainage.
Necrosis
Necrosis, also called necrotic tissue or tissue necrosis, is the irreversible death of cells from injury, infection, or lost blood supply; widespread tissue death is called gangrene.
Necrosis of artery
Necrosis of artery (ICD-11 BD52.4) is death of arterial wall tissue, usually from necrotizing vasculitis such as polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, or ANCA-associated vasculitis, marked histologically by fibrinoid necrosis.
Necrosis of pulp
Necrosis of pulp (pulp necrosis, nonvital tooth, ICD-11 DA09.1) is death of the dental pulp, usually from bacterial infection via caries or trauma; diagnosed by absent pulp-test response and treated by root canal treatment.
Necrotising periodontal diseases
Necrotising periodontal diseases (NPDs), also called necrotizing gingivitis, periodontitis, stomatitis, and noma, are acute necrotizing oral infections with pain, bleeding, and rapid tissue destruction in predisposed, often immunocompromised hosts.
Necrotising ulcerative gingivitis
Necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (NUG, ANUG, Vincent's infection, trench mouth) is an acute polymicrobial gum infection with rapid-onset pain, interdental papilla necrosis, and bleeding, linked to stress, malnutrition, smoking, poor hygiene, and HIV.
Necrotising ulcerative periodontitis
Necrotising ulcerative periodontitis (NUP), now necrotizing periodontitis, an acute necrotizing periodontal disease causing rapid attachment and bone loss in immunocompromised patients, classified ICD-11 DA0C.30.
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is inflammatory bowel necrosis mainly in preterm, very low birth weight infants; incidence up to 22% under 1,000 g, mortality about 25% (35% surgical), driven by dysbiosis, immaturity, and feeding.
Necrotizing fasciitis
Necrotizing fasciitis, the flesh-eating disease, is a rapidly progressive bacterial infection destroying fascia and soft tissue, usually group A strep; treatment is urgent debridement plus penicillin and clindamycin, mortality 15–20%.
Necrotizing soft tissue infection
Necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is a rapidly progressing infection in which skin, fascia, or muscle dies, requiring urgent surgical debridement; it kills 20 to 35 percent of patients.
Nedaplatin
Nedaplatin (ネダプラチン, Aqupla) is a second-generation cisplatin analogue platinum chemotherapy drug developed by Shionogi, Japan, approved 1995; forms DNA cross-links, less nephrotoxic than cisplatin, dose-limited by thrombocytopenia, used mainly in Japan.
NEED study
NEED study (Neuromed Epilepsy EEG Database, NCT04647825): observational IRCCS Neuromed trial building a free long-term EEG and ECG database of 200 drug-resistant epilepsy patients with expert seizure annotations for automatic seizure detection research.
Needle biopsy
Needle biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which a hollow needle, usually guided by imaging, removes cells or tissue from a suspected lesion for microscopic examination.