Human health and medicine

Neurapraxia

Neurapraxia is the mildest peripheral nerve injury, a temporary conduction block from focal demyelination with the axon intact, per Seddon's 1942 classification; it recovers spontaneously within weeks to about three months.

Neurasthenia

Neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion (shenjing shuairuo, 神经衰弱), is a historical diagnosis introduced by George Beard in 1869, attributing fatigue and varied symptoms to depleted nervous energy; it peaked around 1900 and survives in ICD-10.

Sep 29, 2026

Neuraxial anesthesia

Neuraxial anesthesia is regional anesthesia injected near the spinal cord, comprising single-injection spinal anesthesia and catheter-based epidural anesthesia, used for labor analgesia and as the standard anesthetic for cesarean delivery.

Sep 29, 2026

Neuraxial block

A neuraxial block is a regional anesthesia technique that injects local anesthetic near the spinal nerves in the epidural or intrathecal space, used for labor analgesia, surgical anesthesia, and postoperative pain control.

Neurenteric cyst

A neurenteric cyst, also called an enterogenous or enteric cyst, is a rare congenital lesion lined by gut-like epithelium, usually ventral to the spinal cord, treated by surgical resection.

Oct 15, 2026

Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging

Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) is a diffusion MRI technique introduced by University College London researchers in 2012 that estimates the density and angular spread of dendrites and axons in the living human brain.

Neuro chirurgie

Neurochirurgie (Neuro-Chirurgie) is the French neurosurgery journal of the Société de neurochirurgie de langue française, published by Elsevier Masson since 1955, bimonthly, ISSN 0028-3770, distinct from the German Zentralblatt für Neurochirurgie.

Neuroanesthesia

Neuroanesthesia, or neurosurgical anesthesia, is the branch of anesthesiology dealing with anesthesia for neurological procedures such as brain tumor surgery, trauma, and awake craniotomy, focusing on intracranial pressure and cerebral protection.

Neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)

Neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia), Cell Ontology term CL:0000338, is the invertebrate CNS neural precursor, a self-renewing stem cell dividing asymmetrically into ganglion mother cells, distinct from the postmitotic vertebrate neuroblast.

Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma, also called INRG-stage childhood sympathetic cancer, is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, arising from adrenal medulla and paraspinal neuroblasts; risk-stratified by MYCN amplification and INRGSS, with survival from 98% (low-risk) to about 60% (high-risk).

Neuroblastoma of adrenal gland

Neuroblastoma of adrenal gland (ICD-11 2D11.2, adrenal neuroblastoma) is a malignant embryonal tumor of adrenal medulla neuroblasts, the most common neuroblastoma site, affecting infants and carrying worse prognosis than thoracic primaries.

Neurocardiology

Neurocardiology, also called the heart–brain axis, is the field studying nervous system–cardiovascular interactions, from autonomic control and the heart's intrinsic "little brain" to Takotsubo syndrome, stroke–heart syndrome, and cognitive decline in heart disease.

Neurochemistry

Neurochemistry: study of the chemistry of the brain and nerves, from Hensing's 1719 phosphorus treatise and French quantitative analyses to neurotransmitters, dopamine, ISN, JNC, and in vivo microdialysis methods.

Neurocritical care

Neurocritical care: subspecialty managing life-threatening neurologic and neurosurgical illness in specialized ICUs; NCS founded 2002; ICP/CPP monitoring core; 17% mortality reduction versus general ICU.

Neurocutaneous melanocytosis

Neurocutaneous melanocytosis (NCM, neurocutaneous melanosis) is a rare congenital phakomatosis with CNS melanocyte deposits plus large or multiple congenital melanocytic nevi, caused by postzygotic NRAS codon 61 mutations, symptomatic in one-third to one-half of cases.

Neurodegeneration due to 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase deficiency

HIBCH deficiency (OMIM 250620), an ultrarare autosomal recessive valine catabolism disorder caused by HIBCH gene mutations, causing Leigh-like neurodegeneration, hypotonia, seizures, elevated C4-OH carnitine, treated with valine-restricted diet.

Neurodegenerative disease

Neurodegenerative disease is a progressive disorder of the brain or peripheral nervous system that leads to nerve cell death. While some treatments can slow progression, no cure currently exists.

Neurodevelopmental delay-congenital heart defects-intellectual disability syndrome

Neurodevelopmental delay-congenital heart defects-intellectual disability syndrome, or Radio-Tartaglia syndrome (OMIM 619312, ORPHA:662234), is a rare autosomal dominant disorder from SPEN loss-of-function variants, causing developmental delay, hypotonia, heart defects, and facial dysmorphism.

Neurodevelopmental delay-intellectual disability-skeletal defects syndrome

Neurodevelopmental delay-intellectual disability-skeletal defects syndrome, also called HNRNPH2-related neurodevelopmental disorder or Bain type X-linked syndromic intellectual disability, is a rare X-linked dominant disorder from HNRNPH2 missense variants at Xq22.1, causing universal developmental delay, intellectual disability, and frequent scoliosis and foot deformities.

Neurodevelopmental disorder

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are DSM-5 conditions with onset in the developmental period, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, communication, motor, and learning disorders, affecting about 1 in 6 US children.

Neurodevelopmental disorder-craniofacial dysmorphism-cardiac defect-skeletal anomalies syndrome

Neurodevelopmental disorder-craniofacial dysmorphism-cardiac defect-skeletal anomalies syndrome, better known as Au-Kline syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder caused by HNRNPK variants, marked by developmental delay, intellectual disability, and heart defects.

Neurodevelopmental disorder-spasticity-movement disorder-epileptic syndrome

Neurodevelopmental disorder-spasticity-movement disorder-epileptic syndrome, or Kaya-Barakat-Masson syndrome (KABAMAS), is a rare autosomal recessive YIF1B-related disorder with severe developmental delay, spasticity, dystonia, seizures, and microcephaly; no approved treatments exist.

Neuroectodermal melanolysosomal disease

Neuroectodermal melanolysosomal disease, also known as Elejalde syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with silvery hair, seizures, and severe neurological impairment, first described in 1979.

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of pancreas

Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (PanNEC) is the poorly differentiated, high-grade form of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm, with Ki-67 above 20%, TP53/RB1/KRAS drivers, SST2 loss, and about 16% five-year survival.

Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy

Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI), also called persistent tachypnea of infancy, is a rare childhood interstitial lung disease first described in 2005, causing tachypnea, retractions, crackles, and hypoxemia with characteristic CT ground-glass opacities and a favorable prognosis.

Neuroendocrine neoplasm of appendix

Neuroendocrine neoplasm of appendix (appendiceal NEN, ORPHA:100079): rare sporadic appendiceal tumor, second most common digestive endocrine tumor, comprising classic low-grade NET and the more aggressive goblet cell adenocarcinoma; usually incidental, treated by appendectomy or right hemicolectomy.