25,729 articles
Antiviral therapy
Antiviral therapy: drug treatment of viral infections, from idoxuridine (1963) and aciclovir to HIV combination therapy, hepatitis C DAAs, and emerging broad-spectrum, host-targeting, and CRISPR-Cas approaches.
Antley-Bixler syndrome
Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS), rare syndromic craniosynostosis with midface hypoplasia, radiohumeral synostosis, femoral bowing; FGFR2 autosomal dominant or POR autosomal recessive forms, fluconazole mimic.
Antofloxacin
Antofloxacin (盐酸安妥沙星, trade name Upeng) is a Chinese-developed fluoroquinolone antibiotic, an 8-amino levofloxacin derivative inhibiting topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase; approved in China April 2009 with a 20-hour half-life and once-daily dosing.
Antoni Ribas
Antoni Ribas is a Spanish-born, Barcelona-trained physician-scientist at UCLA who led pivotal melanoma trials of vemurafenib and pembrolizumab and was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2020.
Antonietta Gonsalvus
Antonietta Gonsalvus, also recorded as Tognina, was a 16th-century girl with congenital hypertrichosis born in France. She is known primarily for a portrait painted by Lavinia Fontana around 1595.
Antonine Plague
Antonine Plague (Plague of Galen), 165–180 CE epidemic of the Roman Empire under Marcus Aurelius, spread by soldiers from the Parthian War; pathogen debated (possibly smallpox), mortality estimated 10–30 percent, possibly history's first pandemic.
Antrafenine
Antrafenine (Stakane) is a piperazine-derivative non-narcotic analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, COX-inhibiting, with naproxen-comparable efficacy in 1983 osteoarthritis trials; now largely replaced, it holds a 2024 US orphan designation for rare epilepsies.
Antrostomy
Antrostomy is a surgical opening into the maxillary sinus to restore drainage and ventilation in chronic sinusitis, done endoscopically through the nose and largely replacing the Caldwell-Luc procedure.
Anuria or oliguria
Anuria or oliguria: reduced urine output, oliguria below 400-500 mL/day (or 0.5 mL/kg/h) and anuria below 100 or 50 mL/day; classified prerenal, renal, or postrenal, often signaling acute kidney injury.
Anus
The anus is the terminal 3-4 cm opening of the large intestine, guarded by involuntary internal and voluntary external sphincters, divided by the pectinate line, and affected by conditions such as hemorrhoids, fissures, fistulas, and HPV-related anal cancer.
Anxiety
Anxiety is an emotion of fear, worry, or unease that becomes a mental disorder when excessive and persistent; anxiety disorders affect about 470 million people worldwide and are treated with therapy and medication.
Anxiety disorder
Anxiety disorder: persistent, excessive anxiety or fear beyond normal worry, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and phobias; affects about 4.4% of the global population and is treated with CBT and antidepressants.
Anxiety symptoms in dementia
Anxiety symptoms in dementia: worry, fear, and restlessness in people with dementia, prevalence 5–21% for disorders and 8–71% for symptoms; hard to detect due to overlap with dementia and depression; RAID scale best validated.
Anxiolytic
An anxiolytic, also called an anti-anxiety drug, is a medication that relieves anxiety symptoms such as fear, dread, unease, and muscle tension, including benzodiazepines and SSRIs.
Anxious-preoccupied attachment
Anxious-preoccupied attachment: an adult attachment style with a negative model of self and positive model of others, high attachment anxiety and low avoidance; also called anxious-ambivalent, about 19% prevalence, hyperactivating strategies.
AOD9604
AOD9604 (Anti-Obesity Drug-9604, hGH Fragment 176-191) is a synthetic 16-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone developed as an oral obesity drug; it passed six safety trials but failed its Phase 2b weight-loss endpoint in 2007, is not FDA-approved, and is WADA-prohibited.
Aorta
The aorta is the body's largest elastic artery, running from the left ventricle through five segments to the iliac bifurcation; coverage spans normal diameters, Windkessel physiology, aneurysm and dissection thresholds, and endovascular repair.
Aortic aneurysm
Aortic aneurysm: balloon-like bulge in the aorta (thoracic or abdominal AAA), often silent; smoking causes ~75% of AAAs; risks dissection and rupture; treated by medicines, open repair, or EVAR.
Aortic aneurysm or dissection
Aortic aneurysm or dissection (ICD-11 BD50): aortic dilation over 1.5 times normal, or an inner-wall tear separating wall layers. AAA repair at 5.5 cm; type A dissection surgical, type B medical.
Aortic aneurysm repair
Aortic aneurysm repair, also known as abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, treats a permanently dilated aortic segment by open replacement with a synthetic graft or endovascular stent-grafting (EVAR), which excludes the sac from circulation.
Aortic arch
The aortic arch, or arch of the aorta, is the curved segment of the aorta between its ascending and descending portions, supplying blood to the head, neck, and arms.
Aortic arch reconstruction
Aortic arch reconstruction is an open cardiovascular operation that repairs or replaces the aortic arch, most often with a prosthetic graft and hypothermic circulatory arrest, for aneurysm and dissection.
Aortic arch repair
Aortic arch repair is a cardiac operation that reconstructs or replaces the transverse aortic arch, using hypothermic circulatory arrest and reimplanted branch vessels to treat aneurysm and dissection.
Aortic arches
Aortic arches: embryonic pharyngeal arch arteries (six pairs from the aortic sac) and the adult aortic arch; typical branching in ~78-81%, bovine arch 13.6%, ARSA about 1%.
Aortic bifurcation syndrome
Aortic bifurcation syndrome, or Leriche syndrome, is atherosclerotic occlusion of the distal abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, causing buttock-thigh claudication, absent femoral pulses, and impotence; first described by René Leriche in 1923.
Aortic dissection
Aortic dissection: an intimal tear splits the aortic media, creating a false lumen; Stanford type A (ascending) needs emergency surgery with 1–2% mortality per hour untreated, type B managed medically or by TEVAR.
Aortic dissection surgery
Aortic dissection surgery is the open or endovascular repair of a tear in the aortic wall; type A dissection is a surgical emergency, while uncomplicated type B is managed medically.
Aortic intramural hematoma
An aortic intramural hematoma (IMH) is bleeding contained within the middle muscular layer of the aortic wall, without an intimal flap, and it can progress to dissection or rupture.
Aortic regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation, also called aortic insufficiency, is the diastolic leakage of blood from the aorta back into the left ventricle through a failing aortic valve.
Aortic rupture
Aortic rupture: full-thickness tear of the aorta, usually from aneurysm rupture (rAAA) or dissection. Pooled rAAA mortality 81%; endovascular repair mortality 24.5% vs 44.4% open; risk rises with aneurysm size.