25,729 articles
Norucholic acid
Norucholic acid (NCA), or 24-norursodeoxycholic acid (nor-UDCA), is a side-chain-shortened C23 analogue of ursodeoxycholic acid, investigational for PSC and MASLD; it resists amidation and drives bicarbonate-rich choleresis via cholehepatic shunting.
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Norwegian Institute of Public Health (Folkehelseinstituttet, FHI/NIPH), founded 1929 with Rockefeller Foundation funding, is Norway's national public health agency under the Ministry of Health and Care Services, running health registries, surveillance, research and HTA.
Norwood procedure
Norwood procedure: first-stage surgery of three-stage palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, rebuilding the aorta and shunting blood to the lungs via Blalock-Taussig or Sano shunt; neonatal mortality about 15%, five-year survival about 70%.
Noscapine
Noscapine (narcotine), a phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid from opium poppy, is a non-narcotic cough suppressant discovered 1817 and investigated as a tubulin-targeting anticancer and stroke drug candidate.
Nose
The nose is the midline facial organ for breathing and smell. Key facts: three turbinate pairs, nasal cycle of 0.5–6 hours, internal nasal valve 0.73 cm², about 500 human odor receptor types, Kiesselbach's plexus bleeding site.
Nosebleed
Nosebleed (epistaxis) is bleeding from broken nasal blood vessels, anterior in 90-95% of cases at Kiesselbach's area. Treated by leaning forward and pinching the nose 10-15 minutes; cautery, packing, or artery ligation for severe cases.
Notifiable disease
A notifiable disease, also called a reportable disease or notifiable condition, is one that must by law be reported to public health authorities when a diagnosis is made.
Notiretatug rezetecan
Notiretatug rezetecan (SHR-A2102) is Jiangsu Hengrui's investigational nectin-4-targeted antibody-drug conjugate with a topoisomerase I inhibitor payload, in phase 3 trials for urothelial cancer, lung cancer, and perioperative bladder cancer.
NOTOS study
NOTOS (NCT04835961) was a six-month Greek observational study of budesonide/formoterol via the Elpenhaler inhaler as maintenance and/or reliever asthma therapy; 1107 patients showed clinically significant ACQ-6, MiniAQLQ, and FEV1 improvements.
Nottingham Health Profile
The Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) is a self-administered questionnaire measuring perceived physical, emotional, and social health problems through yes/no statements, introduced in 1981 at the University of Nottingham.
Nottingham Prognostic Index
The Nottingham Prognostic Index is a scoring system for primary operable breast cancer that combines tumor size, lymph node stage, and histologic grade into a single number estimating survival.
NoVacPain trial
NoVacPain (NCT06004258) is a completed Spanish quasi-experimental trial by Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena testing a Painless Vaccination protocol versus traditional vaccination in 495 children aged 2 months to 14 years in Seville.
Novaferon (recombinant cytokine gene-derived protein injection, Lefuneng)
Novaferon (乐复能, Lefuneng) is a recombinant human interferon-α variant hybrid made by DNA shuffling of 12 IFN-α genes, approved in China (2018) for chronic hepatitis B, with reported in vitro activity 10–174 times that of IFN-α2b.
Novartis
Novartis AG, Basel-based Swiss pharmaceutical company formed in 1996 by the Ciba-Geigy–Sandoz merger; 2025 net sales USD 54.5 billion, priority brands Kisqali, Kesimpta, Pluvicto, Scemblix, Leqvio, and a USD 23 billion US manufacturing investment.
Novavax
Novavax, Inc. (NVAX), founded 1987 in Delaware and based in Gaithersburg, Maryland, is a vaccine biotech whose recombinant protein nanoparticle platform plus Matrix-M adjuvant underlies Nuvaxovid, its Sanofi-partnered COVID-19 vaccine, and the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine.
Novavax COVID-19 vaccine
Novavax COVID-19 vaccine (NVX-CoV2373, Nuvaxovid) is a protein subunit vaccine with recombinant spike nanoparticles and Matrix-M adjuvant; 89.7% UK phase 3 efficacy, FDA-approved, now made by Sanofi.
NOVELTY study
The NOVELTY study was a large international observational cohort study funded by AstraZeneca that enrolled about 12,000 patients with asthma, COPD, or both across 19 countries.
Novo Nordisk
Novo Nordisk, Danish pharma founded 1923, HQ Bagsværd; maker of semaglutide drugs Ozempic and Wegovy; 1989 merger of Novo and Nordisk; 2025 net profit DKK 102.4bn; CEO Mike Doustdar; rebranded 'Novo' 2026.
Noxytiolin
Noxytiolin, also called noxythiolin (Noxyflex), is 1-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylthiourea, a formaldehyde-releasing thiourea antiseptic used to irrigate infected body cavities and treat burns.
NPH insulin
NPH insulin (neutral protamine Hagedorn, insulin isophane) is an intermediate-acting human insulin crystallized with protamine and zinc, developed in 1946, marketed 1950, with 5–6 hour peak and ~13 hour duration, on the WHO essential medicines list.
NPHP3-related Meckel-like syndrome
NPHP3-related Meckel-like syndrome, also called Goldston syndrome, is a rare inherited ciliopathy caused by NPHP3 mutations, marked by cystic kidney dysplasia, Dandy-Walker malformation, and congenital hepatic fibrosis.
NR082 (NFS-01, ND4 AAV gene therapy)
NR082 (NFS-01, esonadogene imvoparvovec) is Neurophth's rAAV2-ND4 intravitreal gene therapy for ND4-mutation Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, first trialed in Wuhan in 2011 and in phase 3 GOLD and sham-controlled trials.
NRC-AN-019
NRC-AN-019 (AN-019, CAS 879507-25-2) is Natco Pharma's imatinib analogue Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor for imatinib-resistant CML; FDA orphan drug designation 2011 for CML, glioma and pancreatic cancer; Phase I completed in India.
Nrpativallabha rasa
Nṛpativallabha rasa (नृपतिवल्लभ रस), an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation from Bhaishajya Ratnavali containing purified mercury, sulphur, iron, and copper, dosed 500 mg, indicated for grahaṇī and digestive disorders.
NSPTSP trial
NSPTSP (NCT03241277) was a planned randomized, open-label, three-arm trial at FMUSP, Sao Paulo, testing nonsurgical periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing) in 45 adults aged 31 to 61 with social phobia versus controls; no results posted.
NSS study
NSS study (Northern Shanghai Study, NCT02368938): prospective community cohort of elderly Chinese in northern Shanghai, run by Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, studying cardiovascular risk factors, target organ damage, vascular aging, and mortality.
NTI-164
NTI164 (NTI-164) is Neurotech International's CBDA-dominant full-spectrum low-THC oral cannabinoid therapy for pediatric neuroinflammatory disorders, tested in ASD (Harmony Phase II/III), Rett syndrome, PANDAS/PANS, and cerebral palsy, now in Phase 3 Beyond Harmony.
NU-AGE trial
NU-AGE trial (NCT01754012): one-year multicenter European RCT in 1,279 adults aged 65–79 testing a tailored Mediterranean-like diet plus vitamin D3 against habitual diet, measuring hsCRP, cognition, microbiome, and bone outcomes.
Nuangan Jian
暖肝煎 (Nuangan Jian, Liver-Warming Decoction) is an eight-herb classical Chinese medicine formula from Jing Yue Quan Shu, used for lower abdominal cold pain and hernia, with debated indications and modern varicocele research.
Nuchal scan
Nuchal scan (nuchal translucency, NT scan): first-trimester ultrasound at 11–14 weeks measuring fluid behind the fetal neck, part of combined Down syndrome screening with β-hCG and PAPP-A; increased NT prompts CVS, amniocentesis, or cfDNA follow-up.