25,729 articles
Paratesticular adenocarcinoma
Paratesticular adenocarcinoma (adenocarcinoma of the paratestis, ORPHA:363478) is a rare gland-forming epithelial cancer of tissues around the testis, presenting as a scrotal mass or hydrocele; primary forms are extremely rare with poor prognosis, while metastatic forms arise from prostate, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, lung, or breast.
Paratha (पराठा)
Paratha (पराठा), also parantha or porota, is a South Asian unleavened layered whole-wheat flatbread pan-fried in ghee, often stuffed with potato, cauliflower, or dal; eaten across India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the diaspora, and now widely sold frozen.
Parathyroid carcinoma
Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare cancer of the parathyroid glands, the neck glands that regulate calcium. Surgery is the only effective treatment, but 40% to 60% of patients recur.
Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid glands: four (3–8) pea-sized endocrine glands on the thyroid that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate blood calcium; discovered by Sandström 1880; disorders include hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, rare parathyroid cancer.
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), an 84-amino acid peptide from the parathyroid chief cells, regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis via PTH1R; intermittent dosing (teriparatide, abaloparatide) treats osteoporosis, unlike continuous hyperparathyroid resorption.
Parathyroidectomy
Parathyroidectomy is the surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands to treat hyperparathyroidism, the only definitive treatment for primary disease, curing over 99% of cases in randomized trials.
Paratuberculosis
Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, is a chronic, incurable wasting enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), a WOAH-listed disease spread via feces, milk, and colostrum, with a possible Crohn's disease link.
Paraumbilical hernia
Paraumbilical hernia: protrusion of fat or bowel through a weakness beside the umbilicus. Risk factors obesity, multiparity, ascites; repaired open or laparoscopically, with mesh reducing recurrence versus suture repair.
Paravertebral block
A thoracic paravertebral block is a regional anesthesia technique injecting local anesthetic beside the spine to block chest nerves, used after breast and thoracic surgery.
PARC-2 trial
PARC-2 (PARC Project 2, NCT07002853) is a feasibility trial at Université du Québec à Chicoutimi testing an 8-week nature-based intervention, weekly 2-hour sessions of walking, forest bathing, meditation, gardening, and pain education, for 15 adults aged 65+ with chronic non-specific low back pain.
Pardoprunox
Pardoprunox (SLV308) is an investigational partial dopamine D2/D3 agonist and full 5-HT1A agonist developed by Solvay for Parkinson's disease; effective in trials but limited by adverse events and discontinued.
Parecoxib
Parecoxib (Dynastat) is an injectable coxib, a sulfonamide prodrug of valdecoxib converted in the liver, used for short-term postoperative pain in adults; EU-authorized 2002, contraindicated after CABG surgery and in sulfonamide allergy.
Paregoric
Paregoric, or camphorated tincture of opium (tinctura opii camphorata), is a dilute opium elixir with 2 mg morphine per 5 mL and 45% alcohol, created in 1702 by Le Mort, used for diarrhea and historically for infant colic, and often confused with 25-times-stronger opium tincture.
Parenchyma
Parenchyma is the essential functional tissue of an organ, distinct from its stroma; coined by Erasistratus for coagulated blood around vessels, now used in liver, lung, kidney, and plant histology.
Parent training
Parent training is a behavioral intervention in which a therapist teaches parents skills for managing children's behavior, making the parent the primary agent of change.
Parent–child interaction therapy
Parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT) is a behavioral parent-training treatment for children aged 2 to 7 with disruptive behavior, in which therapists coach caregivers in real time through an earpiece.
Parenteral Infusions
Parenteral infusions deliver fluids, nutrients, or medications by non-enteral routes, chiefly intravenous, also subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intradermal. Distinguished by osmolarity-based access choice, filtration requirements, and home OPAT self-administration.
Parenteral nutrition
Parenteral nutrition (PN), formerly total parenteral nutrition (TPN), is intravenous feeding via central or peripheral catheter for patients whose GI tract cannot meet nutritional needs; developed clinically by Stanley Dudrick in 1968, with home PN for chronic intestinal failure.
Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis
Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC), also called PNALD or IFALD, is direct hyperbilirubinemia from prolonged intravenous feeding, mainly in premature and low-birth-weight infants; fish oil lipid emulsions show reversal benefit, prevention evidence mixed.
Parentification
Parentification, also called adultification or parent-child role reversal, is a family dynamic in which a child takes on developmentally inappropriate parental duties. Emotional parentification is linked to depressive symptoms; instrumental forms show weaker effects.
Paresis of accommodation
Paresis of accommodation (ICD-11 9D01.1) is partial loss of lens-focusing power from ciliary muscle or parasympathetic pathway disruption, caused by CN III palsy, drugs, diphtheria, diabetes, or midbrain lesions.
Paresthesia
Paresthesia is an abnormal spontaneous sensation such as tingling, pins and needles, or burning, occurring transiently or persistently anywhere along the somatosensory pathway; distinct from dysesthesia (unpleasant) and numbness (lost sensation), with causes ranging from harmless limb compression to neuropathy.
Paricalcitol
Paricalcitol (Zemplar) is a synthetic 19-nor vitamin D2 analog of calcitriol that binds the vitamin D receptor to suppress PTH, FDA-approved since 1998 for secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD stages 3-5, adults and children 10+.
Paricatikta guggulu
Paricatikta guggulu, commonly written Panchatikta Guggulu, is an Ayurvedic pill combining purified guggulu resin with five bitter herbs, traditionally used for skin diseases and joint disorders and studied in osteoarthritis and eczema.
Parietal lobe
The parietal lobe, bounded by the central and parieto-occipital sulci, contains primary somatosensory cortex and posterior association areas for spatial attention, reaching, language, and number; damage causes neglect, apraxia, Gerstmann and Bálint syndromes.
Parinatakeriksiradi taila
Parinatakeriksiradi taila (Pariṇatakerīkṣīrādi taila) is a classical Ayurvedic medicated oil from the Sahasrayoga, made with coconut milk, citrus juice, sesame oil, turmeric, and resin, used mainly for frozen shoulder (Avabahuka).
Parinaud's syndrome
Parinaud's syndrome, also called dorsal midbrain or Sylvian aqueduct syndrome, is a neuro-ophthalmologic disorder caused by dorsal midbrain lesions, classically pineal tumors, producing upward gaze palsy and convergence-retraction nystagmus.
PARIS trial
PARIS (Prospective Aerobic Reconditioning Intervention Study, NCT01113840) was a Wake Forest randomized, attention-controlled, single-blind trial of 16 weeks of supervised exercise in 53 elderly HFpEF patients; peak VO2 rose 2.3 mL/kg/min without vascular improvement. Distinct from the PARIS quinapril restenosis trial.
Paris-Trousseau thrombocytopenia
Paris-Trousseau thrombocytopenia (TCPT, OMIM 188025) is a rare autosomal dominant 11q23 deletion disorder with mild bleeding, macrothrombocytopenia, giant platelet alpha-granules, dysmegakaryopoiesis, and FLI1 loss, related to Jacobsen syndrome.
Paritaprevir
Paritaprevir (ABT-450) is an HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor boosted by ritonavir, used in the ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir regimens (Viekira Pak, Technivie) for HCV genotypes 1 and 4; no longer recommended in the US since 2023.