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Peyer's patch
Peyer's patches, named for Johann Conrad Peyer (1677), are aggregated lymphoid follicles of the small intestinal gut-associated lymphoid tissue; M cells sample luminal antigens, driving IgA germinal-center responses and oral vaccine uptake.
Peyronie's disease
Peyronie's disease: fibroproliferative plaque of the penile tunica albuginea causing curvature, pain, and erectile dysfunction in men 40-70; collagenase is the only FDA-approved drug.
Pfizer
Pfizer is an American research-based global biopharmaceutical company headquartered in New York, founded in Brooklyn in 1849 by cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart, and now one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies.
Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, sold as Comirnaty, is an mRNA vaccine developed by Germany's BioNTech with Pfizer, first authorized in late 2020 and about 95% effective in trials.
PFKFB4
PFKFB4 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 4), testis-origin glycolytic regulator enzyme producing fructose 2,6-bisphosphate; hypoxia-induced via HIF-1α, required for glioma and prostate cancer cell survival, targeted by inhibitor 5MPN.
PFM trial
PFM trial (NCT07800195), Probiotic Milk Drink for Gut and Brain Health, a University of South Florida randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial testing a four-strain probiotic fermented milk drink in Alzheimer's disease related dementia patients and caregivers over 30 days.
PGM1-CDG
PGM1-CDG (CDG-It, GSD XIV, OMIM 614921) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of phosphoglucomutase 1 deficiency causing mixed glycogen storage and glycosylation disease, treated with D-galactose.
PGM3 deficiency
PGM3 deficiency (PGM3-CDG) is a rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder of glycosylation first reported in 2014, caused by hypomorphic PGM3 mutations that reduce UDP-GlcNAc and glycosylation, causing immunodeficiency, severe atopy with high IgE, autoimmunity, skeletal dysplasia, and hypomyelination.
PHACE syndrome
PHACE syndrome (PHACES) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder of segmental facial infantile hemangioma with posterior fossa, arterial, cardiac, and eye anomalies; first named in 1996, criteria set in 2009 and 2016.
Phacoanaphylactic uveitis
Phacoanaphylactic uveitis, also called phacoantigenic or lens-induced uveitis, is a rare granulomatous eye inflammation triggered by lens proteins released after capsular rupture from trauma, surgery, or hypermature cataract; treated by removing lens material.
Phacoemulsification
Phacoemulsification: cataract removal by ultrasonic lens emulsification through a 2-3 mm incision, invented by Charles Kelman with Anton Banko from a Cavitron dental tool, first published 1967, now the dominant cataract technique.
Phacoemulsification cataract surgery
Phacoemulsification is a cataract surgery technique that emulsifies the eye's clouded lens with ultrasound through a small incision and implants a foldable artificial lens, used in over 97% of US cataract surgeries.
Phacovitrectomy
Phacovitrectomy is an ophthalmic surgical procedure that combines phacoemulsification cataract extraction, pars plana vitrectomy, and intraocular lens implantation in one sitting, typically performed phaco-first to improve the view of the retina.
Phaeohyphomycosis
Phaeohyphomycosis, also called PHM or dark hyphal fungus infection, is a group of infections by melanized (dematiaceous) fungi appearing in tissue as dark septate hyphae or yeast-like cells, distinguished from chromoblastomycosis and mycetoma, ranging from subcutaneous cysts to fatal cerebral disease.
Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs, ICL) are permanent plastic or silicone lenses implanted with the natural lens in place to correct myopia; FDA-approved designs include the EVO/EVO+ Visian ICL.
Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica
Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica (PPK), a rare epidermal nevus syndrome combining nevus sebaceus and speckled lentiginous nevus with extracutaneous anomalies, caused by a postzygotic HRAS mutation, prevalence under 1 in 1,000,000.
Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis
Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV), also phacomatosis pigmentovascularis, is a rare congenital disorder combining a vascular nevus (port-wine stain) with a pigmentary nevus, caused by mosaic GNAQ/GNA11 mutations, with types cesioflammea, spilorosea, and cesiomarmorata.
Phala ghrta (phala ghrita)
Phala ghṛta (Phala Ghrita, Phalasarpi) is a classical Ayurvedic medicated cow ghee formulation, AFI Part I entry 6:30 from Astangahrdaya Uttarasthana 34, combining about nineteen herbs, sugar, milk, and ghee; indicated for infertility, gynecological, semen, pregnancy, and pediatric disorders at 12 g daily.
Phalangeal microgeodic syndrome
Phalangeal microgeodic syndrome (phalangeal osteolysis) is a rare, self-limited cold-associated bone disorder of children's fingers, with small sclerotic-lined osteolytic phalangeal lesions, winter onset, and spontaneous resolution within months.
Phalanx bone
Phalanx bone (plural phalanges): the 14 long bones of each hand and foot beyond the metacarpals and metatarsals; three per finger or toe, two in the thumb or hallux; base, shaft, head; proximal phalanx is the most commonly fractured hand bone.
Phalatrikadi kvatha curna
Phalatrikadi kvatha curna (Phalatrikādi Kvātha Cūrṇa), an official Ayurvedic coarse-powder decoction of Triphala with Guduchi and Vasa, used for fever, vomiting, amlapitta, jaundice, and liver disorders.
Phallophobia
Phallophobia (ithyphallophobia, Medorthophobia) is the colloquial fear of the penis, especially erect; not a DSM-5/ICD-11 diagnosis, framed clinically as sexual aversion or sexual phobia, with conditioning, disgust, and religious-environment mechanisms and exposure-based treatment.
Phalloplasty
Phalloplasty: surgical construction of a phallus, first done by Bogoraz in 1936 and for a trans man by Gillies on Michael Dillon; radial forearm free flap is the standard technique.
Phantom limb
Phantom limb: perception that an amputated or congenitally missing limb is still present, causing phantom limb sensation (PLS) and phantom limb pain (PLP) in most amputees; mechanisms include neuromas and cortical reorganization; treatments include mirror therapy, GMI, VR, and rTMS.
Phantom pain
Phantom pain, also called phantom limb pain, is pain felt in an amputated or missing body part, affecting most amputees and often treated with mirror therapy.
Phantosmia
Phantosmia, or olfactory hallucination, is smelling odors that are not present. Causes include infections, allergies, nasal polyps, migraines, COVID-19, and rarely Parkinson's, stroke, or brain tumors; treatment targets the underlying cause.
Pharmac
Pharmac (Te Pātaka Whaioranga), New Zealand's Pharmaceutical Management Agency, created 1993, decides which medicines are publicly funded within a fixed budget via the Pharmaceutical Schedule, tenders, and PTAC advice.
Pharmaceutical formulation
Pharmaceutical formulation combines an active drug with excipients into dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and injections. Covers immediate vs modified release, the 1952 Spansule origin of controlled release, solubility fixes, and DoE/QbD development.
Pharmaceutical industry
The pharmaceutical industry, also called the drug industry, discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs and vaccines, spending more on research and development than any other industry.
Pharmaceutical industry in India
Pharmaceutical industry in India, the 'Pharmacy of the World': third in global production volume, USD 30.47 billion exports in 2024-25, 20% of world generics, but about 65% API dependence on China, addressed through PLI schemes and bulk drug parks.