Human health and medicine

Pharmaceutical research

Pharmaceutical Research (Pharm. Res., ISSN 0724-8741) is a monthly Springer peer-reviewed journal, official journal of AAPS since 1984, covering drug discovery, development, and delivery; Scopus Q1, JIF 4.1 (2025).

Pharmaceutical Services

Pharmaceutical services are the services rendered by pharmacists and pharmacy technicians to support the health care system, from manufacturing and dispensing medicines to patient counseling and medication therapy management.

Pharmaceutical Vehicles

Pharmaceutical vehicles are inert liquid carriers or diluents, such as water, saline, oils, or syrups, in which active drugs are formulated or administered; USP Chapter 66 covers their composition, properties, and quality standards.

Oct 20, 2026

Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency

The Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA; 医薬品医療機器総合機構) is Japan's independent administrative agency regulating pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and regenerative medicine products, established in Tokyo in 2004.

Pharmacies

Pharmacies (community pharmacies, drugstores, chemists) are licensed establishments where pharmacists dispense medicines and provide counseling, vaccination, and medication services; regulated since Frederick II's 13th-century edict, professionalized from 1841, now facing US closures of over 29% from 2010 to 2021.

Pharmacist

Pharmacist: licensed health-care professional trained in medicines who dispenses prescriptions, counsels patients, and provides care such as vaccination; U.S. median pay $140,910 (May 2025), Pharm.D. required, prescribing authority expanding internationally.

Pharmacodynamic model

A pharmacodynamic model is a statistical or mechanistic model describing how the magnitude of a drug's effect depends on drug concentration over time, as in the Emax model.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics: the study of drug effects on the body, covering dose–response curves (EC50, Emax), agonists and antagonists, therapeutic index, spare receptors, tolerance, PD drug interactions, and modern GPCR biased agonism.

Pharmacogenetic testing

Pharmacogenetic testing is a diagnostic method that analyzes a patient's germline DNA variants to predict drug response and toxicity risk, guiding medication selection and dosing before or during treatment.

Pharmacogenomic testing

Pharmacogenomic testing is a genetic test that analyzes DNA variants to predict how a patient will respond to medications, guiding drug selection and dosing in personalized medicine.

Oct 20, 2026

Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (PGx): study of how genetic variation affects drug efficacy, toxicity, and treatment failure. Grew from pharmacogenetics (Motulsky 1957, Vogel 1959) into genome-wide personalized drug therapy.

Pharmacognosy

Pharmacognosy, also called the study of natural drugs, is the science of drugs of natural origin from plants, animals, and microbes, covering identification, quality control, and drug discovery; Dioscorides is its founding figure and WHO now harmonizes herbal standards via the International Herbal Pharmacopoeia.

Pharmacokinetic model

A pharmacokinetic model is a mathematical description of how the body handles a drug over time, covering absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination to predict concentration profiles and guide dosing.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis is a pharmacology modeling approach that links a drug's concentration-time profile to its effect-time profile, predicting drug response and guiding dosing in trials and clinical practice.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model

A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model is a mathematical model linking drug concentration over time to effect intensity, pairing a pharmacokinetic with a pharmacodynamic component to predict dose-response behavior.

Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modeling

Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling is a quantitative approach linking drug concentration to drug effect over time; introduced by Sheiner in 1979, it is now central to drug development and dosing.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics (PK), the ADME science of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; term coined by Dost 1953, first PBPK model by Teorell 1937; spans compartmental, noncompartmental, PBPK, and population PK modeling used in FDA drug review.

Oct 20, 2026

Pharmacological research

Pharmacological Research (Pharmacol Res, ISSN 1043-6618/1096-1186) is an Elsevier monthly pharmacology journal founded in 1989, Italian Pharmacological Society official journal 1989-2011, gold open access since 2023, Q1 with CiteScore 19.1.

Pharmacological reviews

Pharmacological Reviews (ISSN 0031-6997 print, 1521-0081 online) is ASPET's bimonthly review-only pharmacology journal, founded 1949 as JPET supplements, standalone from 1951, publishing IUPHAR nomenclature reports.

Pharmacology

Pharmacology: the science of how medicines interact with the body, spanning pharmacokinetics (ADME) and pharmacodynamics. Founded as an experimental discipline by Schmiedeberg; distinct from pharmacy; now includes pharmacogenomics, pharmacovigilance, and AI-driven drug development.

Pharmacology of antidepressants

The pharmacology of antidepressants covers drugs for major depressive disorder, from the 1950s discoveries of iproniazid and imipramine through SSRIs like Prozac to ketamine.

Pharmacology of ethanol

Pharmacology of ethanol: how alcohol (ethanol, drinking alcohol) is absorbed and metabolized via ADH/ALDH and CYP2E1, its actions on GABA_A, NMDA, and other receptors, tolerance, drug interactions, and AUD pharmacotherapy.

Pharmacophore modeling

Pharmacophore modeling is a computational drug-discovery method that uses the spatial arrangement of chemical features needed to activate or block a biological target to screen compound databases.

Pharmacopoeia

Pharmacopoeia (φαρμακοποιΐα): legally binding official collection of quality standards and monographs for medicines, issued by national or regional authorities such as the Ph. Eur., USP-NF, BP, and JP, covering identity, purity, and strength testing.

Pharmacopsychiatry

Pharmacopsychiatry (Pharmacopsychiatria) is a Thieme-published, AGNP-affiliated peer-reviewed journal of psychopharmacology and psychiatric neurobiology, published since 1984, ISSN 0176-3679/1439-0795, indexed in MEDLINE.

Pharmacotherapy for chronic heart failure

Pharmacotherapy for chronic heart failure uses four drug classes, ACE inhibitors or ARNI, beta blockers, MRAs, and SGLT2 inhibitors, to reduce death and hospitalization in HFrEF.

Pharmacy

Pharmacy: the profession and science of preparing, dispensing, and ensuring safe use of medicines; also called apothecary practice. Covers compounding, community and hospital practice, PharmD training, FIP sections, and expanding pharmacist prescribing.

Pharmacy benefit management

Pharmacy benefit management (PBM): companies like CVS Caremark, Express Scripts, and Optum Rx that administer drug benefits, design formularies, negotiate manufacturer rebates, and process claims; the Big 3 handle about 79-80% of US prescription drug claims.

Pharmacy technician

Pharmacy technician: a supervised support worker who prepares and dispenses medications in retail and hospital pharmacies. About 471,200 U.S. jobs in 2025, median pay $45,750, 6% projected growth 2025–35.