Human health and medicine

Pneumonia due to parainfluenza virus

Pneumonia due to parainfluenza virus is a lung infection caused by human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), RNA viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family that frequently cause pneumonia in children.

Oct 20, 2026

Pneumonia due to Respiratory syncytial virus

RSV pneumonia (ICD-11 CA40.11; ICD-10 J12.1) is lung inflammation from respiratory syncytial virus, the most common viral pneumonia in young children and a leading cause of U.S. infant hospitalization; preventable by maternal vaccine and infant antibodies.

Pneumonia due to Staphylococcus

Pneumonia due to Staphylococcus (staphylococcal pneumonia), caused by Staphylococcus aureus in MRSA and MSSA forms; a severe, uncommon pneumonia classically post-influenza and nosocomial, treated with vancomycin or linezolid for MRSA.

Pneumonia severity index

The pneumonia severity index (PSI) is a clinical prediction rule, reported in 1997, that sorts adults with community-acquired pneumonia into five classes of 30-day mortality risk to guide site-of-care decisions.

Pneumonitis

Pneumonitis is noninfectious lung inflammation, including radiation, hypersensitivity, aspiration, and drug-induced (immune checkpoint inhibitor) forms; treated with corticosteroids and managed by diagnosis of exclusion.

Pneumoperitoneum

Pneumoperitoneum is free gas in the peritoneal cavity, usually signaling perforated viscus (90% of non-postoperative cases), common and often benign after abdominal surgery, and deliberately created with CO2 insufflation for laparoscopy.

Pneumoradiography

Pneumoradiography, also called insufflation or negative contrast radiography, is X-ray imaging using air, oxygen, or another gas as contrast medium; a MeSH descriptor (D011029, 1974) covering historical techniques like pneumoencephalography.

PNEUMOSIL

PNEUMOSIL (PCV-10 SII) is a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine by Serum Institute of India, WHO prequalified 18 December 2019 as the third PCV, priced at US$2 per dose for Gavi countries.

Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax: air in the pleural space causing lung collapse. Types include primary/secondary spontaneous, traumatic, iatrogenic, tension. Managed by observation, aspiration, or chest tube; VATS prevents recurrence.

Pneumovax 23

Pneumovax 23 (PPSV23, PPV23) is Merck's 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, US-licensed in 1983, covering 23 S. pneumoniae serotypes; 60-70% effective against invasive disease, less against pneumonia, given with PCV15.

PNF trial (NCT06667115)

PNF trial (NCT06667115), a completed Dominican University New York study of PNF D2 shoulder exercise with VR gaming and concurrent feedback in 30 healthy adults; VR hastened infraspinatus and lower trapezius activation, feedback added none.

Pocari Sweat (ポカリスエット)

Pocari Sweat (ポカリスエット) is a Japanese rehydration beverage made by Otsuka Pharmaceutical and launched in 1980, formulated with water, sugar, and electrolytes to replace fluids lost through sweating.

Podiatrist

Podiatrist: licensed health care professional treating foot, ankle, and lower extremity pathology, historically called chiropodist. Key facts: APMA lineage from 1912, 15,181 US podiatrists (2026), central role in diabetic foot care and foot/ankkle surgery.

Podiatry

Podiatry: medical specialty of the foot, ankle, and lower leg; practitioners hold the DPM degree in the US (about 18,000 practicing), regulated as podiatrists or chiropodists in the UK, and central to diabetic foot care.

POEMS syndrome

POEMS syndrome (Crow-Fukase syndrome, クロウ・深瀬症候群) is a rare plasma cell disorder causing demyelinating neuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes, with markedly elevated VEGF.

Poetry therapy

Poetry therapy is a creative arts therapy in psychology that uses reading, writing, and discussing poetry to promote emotional expression, self-understanding, and healing in clinical and educational settings.

POIAMA study

POIAMA (Pregnancies Outcomes in Advanced Maternal Age Women), ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06528340, is an observational patient registry sponsored by Centro di Ricerca Clinica Salentino enrolling 1000 advanced maternal age pregnant women to document delivery, placental, hemorrhage, and neonatal outcomes.

Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans

Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans (PVA), also called parakeratosis variegata or retiform parapsoriasis, is a rare skin reaction pattern of mottled pigmentation, telangiectasia, and atrophy, contested as benign or early mycosis fungoides.

Poikiloderma with neutropenia

Poikiloderma with neutropenia (PN), Clericuzio type, is a rare autosomal recessive USB1 (C16orf57) disorder with early-onset poikiloderma, chronic noncyclic neutropenia, recurrent sinopulmonary infections, and MDS/AML and skin cancer risk.

POINT trial

POINT trial (Platelet-Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke), NCT00991029: NINDS-funded randomized trial of clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone within 12 hours of minor stroke or high-risk TIA; 4,881 patients, lower ischemic events but more hemorrhage at 90 days.

Point-of-care testing

Point-of-care testing (POCT, near-patient testing) is clinical laboratory testing performed at or near the patient, typically with ~15-minute turnaround via lateral flow immunoassays and molecular platforms, governed in the US by CLIA waived-test rules.

Poirier-Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome

Poirier-Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome (POBINDS, CSNK2B encephalopathy), a rare CSNK2B-related disorder with early-onset epilepsy, hypotonia, developmental delay, and intellectual disability; OMIM 618732, ORPHA 689397.

Poison

Poison: any substance that in small quantities seriously disturbs bodily function and may cause death; studied by toxicology. Distinguished from toxin (organism-produced) and venom (injected); dose determines toxicity.

Poison Control Centers

Poison control centers, also called poison information centres, provide free 24/7 toxicology advice by phone (1-800-222-1222 in the US) and online triage; the US network of 53 accredited centers began in Chicago in 1953 and feeds the National Poison Data System.

Pola-R-CHP regimen

Pola-R-CHP is a combination chemotherapy regimen for previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in which the vincristine of R-CHOP is replaced by polatuzumab vedotin, approved in the US in 2023.

Poland syndrome

Poland syndrome, also called Poland anomaly or Poland sequence, is a rare congenital condition with unilateral absence or underdevelopment of the pectoralis major muscle, often with ipsilateral rib, breast, and hand anomalies; cause unknown, most cases sporadic.