25,729 articles
Rajata bhasma
Rajata bhasma (रजत भस्म), Ayurvedic calcined silver preparation of Rasashastra; nanoparticle-sized silver/silver sulfide powder dosed 30–120 mg, studied for antimicrobial activity and toxicity in zebrafish and rodents.
Rajshahi Medical College
Rajshahi Medical College (রাজশাহী মেডিকেল কলেজ), a government medical school in Rajshahi, Bangladesh, established 1958; affiliated with Rajshahi University; 200 MBBS and 50 BDS seats; runs Rajshahi Medical College Hospital.
Raktapittantaka Lauha
Raktapittantaka Lauha (रक्तपित्तान्तक लौह), also called Raktapittantaka Loha or Rasa, is a classical Ayurvedic herbo-mineral powder of amalaki, pippali, sugar, and lauha bhasma, used for raktapitta bleeding disorders, amlapitta, and anemia.
Ralfinamide
Ralfinamide (NW-1029) is an experimental α-aminoamide sodium and calcium channel blocker developed by Newron Pharmaceuticals for neuropathic pain; positive Phase II results but a failed Phase III trial in neuropathic low back pain.
Ralinepag
Ralinepag (APD811) is an oral, highly selective non-prostanoid prostacyclin (IP) receptor agonist developed by United Therapeutics for pulmonary arterial hypertension; once-daily extended-release tablet, positive phase 3 ADVANCE OUTCOMES, FDA NDA under review, not yet approved.
Raloxifene
Raloxifene (Evista), a benzothiophene SERM taken orally at 60 mg daily, treats and prevents postmenopausal osteoporosis and reduces invasive breast cancer risk; unlike tamoxifen it spares the endometrium but raises venous thromboembolism risk.
Ralph Crawshaw
Ralph Shelton Crawshaw (1921–2014) was a Portland, Oregon psychiatrist best known for his work with mentally ill and addicted physicians and for co-designing the Oregon Health Plan.
Ralph O. Wallerstein
Ralph O. Wallerstein (1922–2009) was a German-born American hematologist and internist, chief of clinical hematology at San Francisco General Hospital for nearly 30 years and a UCSF clinical professor.
Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience
Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience: the Society for Neuroscience's highest honor, a lifetime-achievement award named for SfN founder Ralph Waldo Gerard (1900–1974); recent recipients include Joshua Sanes (2025) and Nora D. Volkow (2024).
Ralph W. Muller
Ralph W. Muller is an American health-system executive who served as chief executive of the University of Chicago Hospitals and the University of Pennsylvania Health System from 2003 to 2019.
Ramathibodi Hospital
Ramathibodi Hospital (โรงพยาบาลรามาธิบดี), Bangkok, is the public university teaching hospital of Mahidol University's Faculty of Medicine, Thailand's fourth medical school, founded 1964-1969, with about 1,073 beds and a new Yothi Medical Innovation District under construction.
Ramatroban
Ramatroban (BAY u3405, Baynas) is a Bayer-developed dual thromboxane TP and CRTH2/DP2 receptor antagonist marketed in Japan for allergic rhinitis, dosed 75 mg twice daily, with hepatitis and jaundice as notable adverse reactions.
Ramdev (रामदेव)
Ramdev (रामदेव), also Baba Ramdev, born Ram Kisan Yadav in 1965, is an Indian yoga guru who popularized yoga via Aastha TV and co-founded Patanjali Ayurved, later facing Supreme Court action over misleading medicine ads.
Ramelteon
Ramelteon (Rozerem), FDA-approved July 22, 2005 by Takeda, is a prescription MT1/MT2 melatonin receptor agonist for sleep-onset insomnia; 8 mg at bedtime, not a controlled substance, contraindicated with fluvoxamine.
Ramipril
Ramipril (Altace, Tritace) is an ACE inhibitor prodrug converted to ramiprilat, used for hypertension, post-MI heart failure, and cardiovascular risk reduction; HOPE trial showed 22% relative risk reduction in MI, stroke, or cardiovascular death.
Ramos-Arroyo syndrome
Ramos-Arroyo syndrome, also called corneal anesthesia-deafness-intellectual disability syndrome, is an extremely rare autosomal dominant disorder combining corneal anesthesia, hearing loss, intellectual disability, and heart defects.
Ramosetron
Ramosetron (YM060, Nasea, Irribow) is a Japanese-developed selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetic with a 9-hour half-life, used against postoperative and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and, in Asia, IBS-D.
Rampton Secure Hospital
Rampton Hospital, near Retford, Nottinghamshire, is one of England's three high secure psychiatric hospitals with Ashworth and Broadmoor. Opened 1912 as a criminal lunatic asylum, run by Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, about 350 patients, average stay five years.
Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2, or herpes zoster oticus, is facial paralysis with an ear rash from reactivation of varicella-zoster virus in the geniculate ganglion; second most common facial palsy after Bell's palsy, treated with antivirals and steroids.
Ramucirumab
Ramucirumab (Cyramza, IMC-1121B), Eli Lilly's fully human VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody angiogenesis inhibitor; FDA approved 2014 for gastric, NSCLC, colorectal cancers and 2019 for AFP-high hepatocellular carcinoma.
Ramulus Mori (mulberry twig) total alkaloids tablets
Ramulus Mori (mulberry twig) total alkaloids tablets (桑枝总生物碱片, Sangbo'en), China's first original natural glucose-lowering drug, approved 17 March 2020 for type 2 diabetes; α-glucosidase inhibitor from mulberry twigs, non-inferior to acarbose with fewer GI reactions.
Ranbaxy Laboratories
Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Indian generic drugmaker founded 1961, once India's largest; hit by FDA import alerts, a 2012 consent decree, and a $500 million 2013 DOJ settlement for data falsification; acquired by Sun Pharma in a $4 billion all-stock deal completed March 25, 2015.
Randomization (clinical trials)
Randomization, also called simple or complete randomization, is the procedure in clinical trials that assigns participants to treatment groups by chance, preventing selection bias in enrollment.
Randomized controlled trial
Randomized controlled trial (RCT), also called randomized clinical trial: a study assigning participants by chance to treatment and control groups; the gold standard for testing treatment safety and efficacy, reported under CONSORT.
Randomized trial
A randomized trial is an experimental study in which chance assigns participants to interventions, making groups comparable; the randomized controlled trial is the standard form used in clinical research.
Randy Gardner sleep deprivation experiment
The Randy Gardner sleep deprivation experiment kept 17-year-old Randy Gardner of San Diego awake for a record 264 hours in 1963–1964, as a school science fair project.
Ranibizumab
Ranibizumab (Lucentis, Genentech), a humanized anti-VEGF-A antibody fragment injected into the eye, treats wet AMD, retinal vein occlusion, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retinopathy, and myopic CNV; FDA-approved June 2006, now with biosimilars Byooviz, Cimerli, Nufymco, Ranluspec.
Ranikeolucel (Hengkailai) CD19 CAR-T
Renikeolucel injection (雷尼基奥仑赛注射液, HICARA, HR001) is a CD19-directed autologous CAR-T therapy by Shanghai Hengrunda, NMPA-approved July 29, 2025 for relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma; China's first fully domestically developed CAR-T for that indication.
Ranimustine
Ranimustine (MCNU, Cymerin) is a chloroethylnitrosourea alkylating anticancer drug approved in Japan for glioblastoma, myeloma, lymphoma, CML, polycythemia vera, and thrombocythemia; never FDA-approved in the US.
Ranirestat
Ranirestat (AS-3201) is an oral aldose reductase inhibitor developed by Sumitomo Pharma and Kyorin for diabetic neuropathy; it reached phase 3 trials, improved nerve conduction velocity but not symptom scores, and development was discontinued in 2016.