Human health and medicine

RGT-075 (oral GLP-1R agonist)

RGT-075 (RGT001-075) is Regor Therapeutics' oral, once-daily small-molecule full agonist of the GLP-1 receptor, discovered via its CARD platform, in phase 2b/3 trials for obesity and type 2 diabetes after 5% placebo-adjusted weight loss in phase 2a.

RGT-419B

RGT-419B, also known as GDC-4198, is an investigational oral CDK4/2 inhibitor for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, acquired by Genentech for $850 million upfront in 2024.

RGT-587

RGT-587 (RG6795, GDC-0587) is Regor Therapeutics' brain-penetrant selective CDK4 inhibitor for HR+/HER2- breast cancer, acquired by Genentech/Roche in 2024 for $850M upfront; its Phase I trial was later terminated.

Rh blood group system

The Rh blood group system, also called the Rhesus factor, is a family of red blood cell surface antigens, second to ABO in clinical significance for transfusion medicine.

Rh deficiency syndrome

Rh deficiency syndrome, also called Rh-null syndrome or golden blood, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder (about 1 in 6 million) in which red blood cells lack all Rh antigens, causing mild chronic hemolytic anemia and severe transfusion incompatibility.

Rh disease

Rh disease, or Rh hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis), occurs when an RhD-negative mother's anti-D IgG crosses the placenta and destroys RhD-positive fetal red cells; anti-D prophylaxis since 1968 has cut incidence about 95%.

Rhabdoid tumor

Rhabdoid tumor (malignant rhabdoid tumor), an aggressive infant/childhood cancer of kidney, CNS (ATRT), and soft tissues, driven by SMARCB1 loss; 5-year survival about 20%, treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy.

Rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome

Rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome (RTPS, RTPS1/RTPS2) is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome caused by germline SMARCB1 or SMARCA4 variants, predisposing infants to aggressive rhabdoid tumors (ATRT, kidney, soft tissue) with over 90% penetrance by age 5.

Rhabdomyolysis

Rhabdomyolysis: rapid skeletal muscle breakdown releasing myoglobin and creatine kinase, causing acute kidney injury. Causes include crush injury, statins, exertion, infections; treated with early IV fluids.

Rhabdomyoma

Rhabdomyoma: benign skeletal-muscle tumor, cardiac and extracardiac (adult, fetal, genital) types. Cardiac form is the most common pediatric heart tumor, linked to tuberous sclerosis, regresses spontaneously; mTOR inhibitors shrink it.

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), also called embryonal or alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, is the most common childhood soft tissue sarcoma, arising in striated muscle. Key facts: PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusions mark alveolar RMS; treated with VAC/IVA chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation.

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the cervix uteri

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the cervix uteri, a rare embryonal (usually botryoid/polypoid) skeletal-muscle cancer of the cervix, peaks in the second decade, is treated with chemotherapy plus conservative surgery, and has the best survival among gynecologic rhabdomyosarcoma sites.

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the corpus uteri

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the corpus uteri (uterine rhabdomyosarcoma) is an extremely rare, highly malignant uterine sarcoma from primitive mesenchymal cells with skeletal muscle differentiation, presenting with abnormal bleeding, linked to DICER1, and treated with surgery plus VAC chemotherapy.

RHEA-COVID19 trial

RHEA-COVID19 (NCT04627519) was a multicenter, randomized, open-label Indonesian trial testing Rhea Health Tone essential-oil blend as add-on therapy for 85 hospitalized adults with mild to moderate COVID-19, reporting reduced IL-6 and IFN-γ.

Rheum officinale root extract

Rheum officinale root extract (Da Huang, rhubarb root) is an anthraquinone-containing herbal extract approved in the EU as a short-term laxative, rejected as a pesticide basic substance in 2015, and poorly supported for chronic kidney disease.

Rheumatic aortic stenosis with insufficiency

Rheumatic aortic stenosis with insufficiency (ICD-11 BB72.0, ICD-10 I06.2) is combined narrowing and leaking of the aortic valve from chronic rheumatic heart disease, usually with fused commissures and concurrent mitral disease.

Rheumatic aortic valve insufficiency

Rheumatic aortic valve insufficiency (rheumatic aortic regurgitation): diastolic aortic valve leakage from rheumatic heart disease after group A streptococcal rheumatic fever; fibrotic restricted leaflets, prevented with penicillin prophylaxis, treated by surgery or TAVR.

Rheumatic aortic valve stenosis

Rheumatic aortic valve stenosis (ICD-11 BB70.0) is aortic valve narrowing from scarring after childhood rheumatic fever, common in Asia and usually with rheumatic mitral disease; treated by valve replacement.

Rheumatic aortitis

Rheumatic aortitis (ICD-11 1B41.10) is aortic wall inflammation from rheumatic disease, chiefly giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis, also rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, causing aneurysm, stenosis, and regurgitation.

Rheumatic fever

Rheumatic fever, an autoimmune inflammatory disease following group A strep pharyngitis or skin infection by 1-5 weeks, diagnosed by the 2015 Jones criteria, causing rheumatic heart disease.

Rheumatic mitral valve insufficiency

Rheumatic mitral valve insufficiency (rheumatic mitral regurgitation, ICD-11 BB61.0) is leakage of the mitral valve from rheumatic heart disease after Group A streptococcal infection; it predominates in the young and in low-income countries, and valve repair is the operation of choice.

Rheumatic mitral valve stenosis

Rheumatic mitral valve stenosis, also called rheumatic mitral obstruction, is narrowing of the mitral orifice from post-streptococcal valvulitis; valve area ≤1.5 cm² defines severity, treated by percutaneous balloon commissurotomy or surgery.

Rheumatic myocarditis

Rheumatic myocarditis (ICD-10 I09.0, ICD-11 BC42.3) is heart muscle inflammation from autoimmune reaction to group A streptococcal infection in acute rheumatic fever, marked by Aschoff bodies, with debated clinical significance versus valvular disease.

Rheumatic tricuspid valve stenosis

Rheumatic tricuspid valve stenosis (ICD-11 BB80.0) is rheumatic narrowing of the tricuspid valve, almost always with mitral disease (99.3%), causing venous congestion; diagnosed by echocardiography and treated mainly with valve surgery.

Rheumatism

Rheumatism (rheumatic disorder) is a non-specific, largely historical term for painful joint, muscle, and connective tissue conditions, from Greek rheuma, "flow"; now replaced by named diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease causing symmetrical joint inflammation, mainly in hands, wrists, and feet; women are affected two to three times more than men, treated with DMARDs, biologics, and JAK inhibitors.

Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy

Rheumatoid arthritis in pregnancy usually improves, though relapse affects roughly a third of women, postpartum flares are common, and medication changes should be planned before conception.

Rheumatoid factor

Rheumatoid factor (RF): autoantibodies against the Fc portion of IgG, discovered by Waaler (1940) and Rose (1948). IgM-RF is the standard RA diagnostic test; also positive in SLE, Sjögren's, infections, and healthy elderly.

Rheumatoid factor positive

Rheumatoid factor positive: a blood test result detecting RF, an autoantibody against the Fc region of IgG (Waaler-Rose test). Found in 70–90% of rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's, hepatitis C, and 10–25% of healthy elderly; anti-CCP is more specific.