Human health and medicine

Ring chromosome 20 syndrome

Ring chromosome 20 syndrome (r(20), Ring 20) is a rare chromosomal disorder causing childhood-onset drug-resistant epilepsy, non-convulsive status epilepticus, cognitive decline, and behavioral problems, diagnosed only by karyotype.

Ring chromosome 21 syndrome

Ring chromosome 21 syndrome (r(21), ring 21) is a rare autosomal chromosomal disorder from ring formation of chromosome 21, causing variable growth retardation, epilepsy, microcephaly, intellectual disability, or a normal phenotype.

Ring chromosome 22 syndrome

Ring chromosome 22 syndrome (r(22), Ring 22) is a rare chromosomal disorder, prevalence under 1 in 1,000,000, in which chromosome 22 forms a ring with lost tips; it causes developmental delay, hypotonia, microcephaly, severe speech delay, and can cause Phelan-McDermid syndrome via SHANK3 loss.

Ring chromosome 3 syndrome

Ring chromosome 3 syndrome, also called ring 3, is a rare chromosomal anomaly in which one copy of chromosome 3 forms a ring, causing growth restriction, developmental delay, and intellectual disability.

Ring chromosome 4 syndrome

Ring chromosome 4 syndrome (r(4)) is a rare chromosomal disorder from fusion of broken chromosome 4 ends, causing growth retardation, microcephaly, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic features; fewer than 50 cases reported since 1969.

Ring chromosome 5 syndrome

Ring chromosome 5 syndrome (ring 5), a rare chromosomal anomaly from a circular chromosome 5, causing mewing cry, developmental delay, short stature, heart and skeletal defects; ORPHA 251043.

Ring chromosome 6 syndrome

Ring chromosome 6 syndrome (ring 6, ORPHA:1448) is a rare chromosomal disorder, under 1 in 1,000,000, caused by a ring chromosome 6, with growth failure, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and craniofacial dysmorphism.

Ring chromosome 7 syndrome

Ring chromosome 7 syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder in which one chromosome 7 forms a ring, causing growth failure, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and skin lesions.

Ring chromosome 8 syndrome

Ring chromosome 8 syndrome (r(8) syndrome, Ring 8) is a rare chromosomal anomaly involving ring formations of chromosome 8, with prevalence under 1 in 1,000,000, phenotype ranging from near-normal to growth and intellectual disability overlapping mosaic trisomy 8.

Ring chromosome Y syndrome

Ring chromosome Y syndrome (r(Y), ORPHA:261529) is a rare Y-chromosome structural anomaly, usually mosaic 45,X/46,X,r(Y), causing short stature, gonadal failure, genital anomalies, and azoospermia or oligozoospermia.

Ring dermoid of cornea

Ring dermoid of cornea (ring dermoid syndrome, OMIM 180550, ORPHA:91481) is a rare autosomal dominant condition of bilateral annular limbal dermoids extending onto cornea and conjunctiva, linked to PITX2 mutations, with fewer than 30 reported cases and no extraocular anomalies.

Ring finger

Ring finger: the fourth digit of the human hand, between the middle and little fingers, served by the fourth metacarpal and ulnar artery; known for limited independent movement, grip contribution, and 2D:4D ratio research.

Ringed hair disease

Ringed hair disease (pili annulati, OMIM 180600) is a rare benign autosomal dominant hair shaft disorder with alternating light and dark bands from air-filled cortical cavities, mapped to chromosome 12q24.32–24.33, usually without fragility.

Ringer's lactate solution

Ringer's lactate solution (Hartmann's solution, compound sodium lactate) is a balanced isotonic IV crystalloid with sodium ~130 mmol/L, potassium, calcium, and lactate buffer, used for resuscitation, burns, and critical care.

Rinne test

Rinne test: bedside tuning-fork hearing test comparing air versus bone conduction to detect conductive hearing loss; described by Rinne in 1855 (earlier by Polansky 1842), positive when air conduction is better.

Riociguat

Riociguat (Adempas, BAY 63-2521) is Bayer's oral first-in-class soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, FDA-approved 2013 for pulmonary arterial hypertension and as the first drug therapy for inoperable or persistent/recurrent CTEPH.

RIPC-PVD trial

RIPC-PVD (NCT02273232) was a phase 1 pilot randomized trial by National University of Ireland, Galway testing remote ischemic preconditioning, with or without supervised exercise, in 40 moderate peripheral vascular disease patients; completed 2017, no results posted.

Ripertamab

Ripertamab, brand name Anpingxi (安平希), is a Chinese anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, developed by Sinocelltech and approved in China in 2022 for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Rippling muscle disease

Rippling muscle disease (RMD), a rare caveolinopathy also called CAV3-related muscle hyperirritability, causes electrically silent rippling, mounding, and stiffness; forms are hereditary (CAV3, CAVIN1) or immune-mediated with cavin-4 antibodies.

Rippling muscle disease with myasthenia gravis

Rippling muscle disease with myasthenia gravis, also called acquired or immune-mediated rippling muscle disease (iRMD), is a rare acquired neuromuscular disorder combining CAV3 mutation-negative, electrically silent muscle rippling with AChR antibody-positive myasthenia gravis, first reported in 1996.

Ripretinib

Ripretinib, sold as Qinlock, is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved by the FDA in May 2020 for adults with advanced GIST after at least three prior kinase inhibitors.

RIPT trial

RIPT (NCT03070834) was a 42-patient single-center Canadian randomized feasibility trial of retrievable inferior vena cava filters versus no filter in high-risk trauma patients unable to receive anticoagulation, showing reduced unprotected time (25.5 vs 78.2 hours).

Risa J. Lavizzo-Mourey

Risa J. Lavizzo-Mourey is an American geriatrician who was president and CEO of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation from 2003 to 2017, its first woman and first African American leader.

RISE trial (NCT00473330)

RISE (NCT00473330), with its sister trial RIDE (NCT00473382), was Genentech's phase 3 sham-controlled trial of monthly ranibizumab 0.3 mg or 0.5 mg for diabetic macular edema; it supported the 2012 FDA approval.

Risk factor

Risk factor: an epidemiology term for a behavior, exposure, or hereditary characteristic associated with increased disease occurrence; also called predictor. Distinguished from causal factors; Framingham popularized the term in 1961.

Risk factors for osteoarthritis

Risk factors for osteoarthritis, the degenerative joint disease, include older age, obesity, joint injury, malalignment, occupational loading, and genetics; prior knee injury roughly triples risk.

Risky sexual behavior

Risky sexual behavior, also called high-risk sexual behavior, is sexual activity raising the chance of STIs, HIV, or unintended pregnancy, including condomless sex, multiple partners, and sex while intoxicated; measured mainly by imperfect self-reports and reduced through counseling, condoms, vaccination, and PrEP.