Human health and medicine

Augusto, Michaela, and Lorenzo Odone

Augusto, Michaela, and Lorenzo Odone: the family behind Lorenzo's oil, a 4:1 trioleate/trierucate mixture for adrenoleukodystrophy, the 1992 film, and the Myelin Project.

Aumolertinib

Aumolertinib (almonertinib, HS-10296, Aumseqa) is a third-generation EGFR-TKI for EGFR-mutated NSCLC, approved in China in 2020; AENEAS showed median PFS 19.3 vs 9.9 months versus gefitinib, with efficacy comparable to osimertinib in indirect comparisons.

AUR101

AUR101 (AUR-101) is an oral RORγt inverse agonist from Aurigene Discovery Technologies for psoriasis; it reached phase 2b (INDUS-3) but development in psoriasis was halted after weak PASI75 results.

Aura (symptom)

Aura (symptom): subjective symptoms at the start of an epileptic seizure, equivalent to a focal aware seizure in ILAE terms; distinguished from migraine aura, syncope, and panic disorder; term from Latin for breeze, dating to Galen.

AURA trial

AURA trial (NCT01802632), phase I/II first-in-human study of osimertinib (AZD9291) in EGFR-mutated, T790M-positive advanced NSCLC after EGFR-TKI failure; ORR 61-62%, led to 2015 FDA accelerated approval.

AURA3 trial

AURA3 (NCT02151981) is a phase 3 trial comparing osimertinib with platinum-pemetrexed in 419 T790M-positive advanced NSCLC patients after first-line EGFR-TKI failure; median PFS 10.1 vs 4.4 months, HR 0.30, response 71% vs 31%.

Aural polyp

Aural polyp (otic polyp, ICD-11 AB1A.0): a polypoid growth in the external ear canal or middle ear, usually inflamed granulation tissue from chronic otitis media or cholesteatoma, presenting with bloody drainage and hearing loss.

Auricle (anatomy)

Auricle (pinna): the visible outer-ear structure of elastic cartilage (lobule is fibrofatty) that funnels sound into the external acoustic meatus; landmarks helix, antihelix, concha, tragus; supplied by superficial temporal and posterior auricular arteries; develops from six hillocks of His.

Auricular reconstruction

Auricular reconstruction is a surgical procedure that rebuilds a missing or deformed external ear, chiefly for microtia, using carved rib cartilage, porous polyethylene implants, or an osseointegrated prosthesis.

Auricular vagus nerve stimulation

Auricular vagus nerve stimulation, also known as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), is a non-invasive therapy delivering electrical pulses through ear electrodes for epilepsy, depression, and pain.

Auriculotherapy

Auriculotherapy is a technique that stimulates the external ear with needles, seeds, laser, or electricity to treat conditions elsewhere in the body, with the best evidence for chronic pain.

Aurobindo Pharma

Aurobindo Pharma Limited (APL), Hyderabad-based Indian generic drug and API maker founded 1986 by P.V. Ramprasad Reddy and K. Nithyananda Reddy; top-2 Indian pharma by revenue, major US/Europe generics exporter, with recurring FDA warning letters (2019, 2022, Eugia 2025).

Oct 15, 2026

Aurothiomalate

Aurothiomalate, also known as gold sodium thiomalate, is an injectable gold(I) drug marketed as Myocrisin that was used to treat rheumatoid arthritis until its discontinuation in 2019.

Auscultation

Auscultation: listening to internal body sounds, mainly heart and lungs, with a stethoscope. Invented by Laennec in 1816; accuracy is modest (VHD sensitivity ~44% for GPs), now augmented by AI digital stethoscopes.

Oct 20, 2026

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW): independent statutory Australian Government agency, established 1987, renamed 1992, producing national health and welfare statistics, data collections, and accredited data linkage services.

Autism rights movement

Autism rights movement, core of the neurodiversity movement: autistic-led social movement since the 1990s (ANI, Jim Sinclair, ASAN 2006) rejecting the medical model and cure of autism, seeking civil rights, acceptance, and services instead.

Autism spectrum

Autism spectrum (autism spectrum disorder, ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by social communication differences and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Key facts: US prevalence 1 in 31 eight-year-olds (CDC 2022), over 3:1 male-to-female ratio, DSM-5 criteria, Kanner 1943 origins, vaccines ruled out as a cause.

Autism spectrum disorder due to AUTS2 deficiency

AUTS2 syndrome (autism spectrum disorder due to AUTS2 deficiency, OMIM 615834) is a rare autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder from AUTS2 gene loss at 7q11.22, causing intellectual disability, autism, microcephaly, hypotonia, and dysmorphic features.

Autism spectrum disorder-epilepsy-arthrogryposis syndrome

Autism spectrum disorder-epilepsy-arthrogryposis syndrome (SLC35A3-CDG, AMRS, OMIM 615553) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive N-linked glycosylation disorder from SLC35A3 variants, causing autism, epilepsy, intellectual disability, arthrogryposis, and microcephaly.

Auto-brewery syndrome

Auto-brewery syndrome, or gut fermentation syndrome, is a rare disorder in which gut bacteria or yeasts such as Saccharomyces and Candida ferment dietary carbohydrates into ethanol, causing intoxication without drinking; diagnosed by carbohydrate challenge, treated with diet and antifungals.

Autoerythrocyte sensitization syndrome

Autoerythrocyte sensitization syndrome, also called Gardner-Diamond syndrome or psychogenic purpura, is a rare psychodermatologic disorder of painful bruising lesions after stress, mainly in women, treated with CBT and antidepressants.

Autofellatio

Autofellatio, oral stimulation of one's own penis, a rare form of autoeroticism. Feasibility depends on spinal flexibility and proportions, not rib removal; Kinsey estimated 0.2-0.3% of men could achieve it; ancient Egyptian Atum myths are the earliest records.