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Synovial fluid
Synovial fluid is the viscous fluid confined within synovial joints, where it lubricates articular cartilage and diffuses nutrients to cartilage, the meniscus, and the labrum, enabling friction coefficients as low as 0.001.
Synovial fluid analysis
Synovial fluid analysis is the laboratory examination of fluid aspirated from a joint, covering cell counts, crystals, and cultures to diagnose gout, pseudogout, and septic arthritis.
Synovial joint
Synovial joint (diarthrosis): freely movable joint with a fluid-filled joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial membrane, and hyaline cartilage; includes hinge, saddle, planar, pivot, condyloid, and ball-and-socket types such as the knee and shoulder.
Synovial osteochondromatosis
Synovial osteochondromatosis (synovial chondromatosis) is a rare benign joint disorder with cartilaginous metaplasia of the synovium forming loose bodies; incidence 1.8/million/year, knee most affected, recurrence 3–23%, rare chondrosarcomatous transformation.
Synovial sarcoma
Synovial sarcoma is a soft tissue cancer of children and young adults, 5-10% of sarcomas, defined by the t(X;18) SS18::SSX fusion gene; treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and since 2024 the Tecelra T-cell therapy.
Synovitis
Synovitis is inflammation of the synovial membrane lining joints, common in arthritis (RA, psoriatic arthritis, gout) and injury. Diagnosed clinically, by ultrasound, and by contrast-enhanced MRI, the gold standard; CEUS accuracy 87% vs MRI 87.7%.
Synslai trial
Synslai trial (NCT06956677): a Taiwanese open-label pilot RCT of Synslai, a non-powered mechanical bilateral upper limb training device for stroke hemiparesis, finding non-inferiority to conventional therapy, possible spatial coordination benefit, and good usability in 54 completers.
SYNTAX score
The SYNTAX score is an angiographic scoring system grading the anatomical complexity of coronary artery disease, developed for the SYNTAX trial to help heart teams choose between PCI and bypass surgery.
SYNTAXES study
SYNTAXES (SYNTAX Extended Survival, NCT03417050) is the 10-year extended follow-up of the SYNTAX trial: 1,800 patients with three-vessel or left main disease randomized to PCI or CABG; 10-year all-cause death similar overall (28% vs 24%, p=0.066), CABG better in three-vessel disease.
Synthetic cannabinoid dependence
Synthetic cannabinoid dependence is an ICD-11 disorder of impaired control over synthetic cannabinoids like K2 and Spice, developing faster and withdrawing more severely than cannabis dependence.
Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication
Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication (ICD-11 6C42.3), also called K2 or Spice intoxication, is THC-like poisoning from full CB1 agonist designer drugs, causing tachycardia, seizures, psychosis, kidney injury, and deaths, with no specific antidote.
Synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal
Synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal (ICD-11 6C42.4), also called Spice or K2 withdrawal, is the symptom cluster after stopping synthetic cannabinoids; more severe than cannabis withdrawal, with psychosis, seizures, agitation, managed with diazepam and quetiapine.
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids, sold as K2 or Spice, are lab-made full agonists of CB1/CB2 receptors, 2–100 times more potent than THC, sprayed on herbal incense and linked to seizures, psychosis, and deaths.
Synthetic cathinone intoxication
Synthetic cathinone intoxication (ICD-11 6C47.3), also called bath salts toxicity, is acute poisoning by khat-derived amphetamine-like stimulants, causing a sympathomimetic toxidrome of agitation, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and seizures, treated supportively with benzodiazepines and cooling.
Synucleinopathy
Synucleinopathy: group of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, defined by aggregated alpha-synuclein inclusions in neurons or glia, prion-like spread, and seed amplification assay diagnosis.
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum, also called lues, progressing through primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stages and treated with penicillin G; WHO estimates 8 million new adult infections in 2022.
Syphilis Serodiagnosis
Syphilis serodiagnosis detects antibodies to Treponema pallidum using nontreponemal (RPR, VDRL) and treponemal tests arranged in traditional or reverse screening algorithms, differing in sensitivity, false positives, and cost.
Syringe
Syringe (from Greek syrinx, tube): barrel, plunger, and needle device for injecting or withdrawing fluids. Modern hypodermic syringe credited to Alexander Wood, 1853; today plastic, single-use, ISO-standardized.
Syringe pump
A syringe pump is a motor-driven device that pushes a syringe plunger to deliver fluid at a precisely controlled flow rate, used clinically for drug infusion and in laboratories.
Syringobulbia
Syringobulbia (ICD-11 8D66.2) is a fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) within the brain stem, usually the medulla, closely associated with syringomyelia; caused by Chiari I malformation, tumors, or inflammation; treated by posterior fossa decompression.
Syringocystadenoma papilliferum
Syringocystadenoma papilliferum is a rare, non-cancerous sweat gland tumor of the skin, most often on the head or neck and frequently arising within a nevus sebaceous.
Syringomyelia
Syringomyelia, also called syringohydromyelia, is a spinal cord disorder in which a CSF-filled syrinx forms, usually with Chiari I malformation, trauma, or arachnoiditis; treated by foramen magnum decompression or shunting.
Syringomyelia or syringobulbia
Syringomyelia or syringobulbia (ICD-11 8D66) is a spinal cord or brainstem fluid-filled cavity (syrinx), usually from Chiari I malformation obstructing CSF flow; diagnosed by MRI, treated by decompression or shunting.
Syrup
Syrup: concentrated aqueous sucrose solution (USP 85% w/v, BP ≥45% m/m) used as a sweet, viscous oral dosage form or vehicle; simple vs medicated types; preserved by osmotic self-preservation near 65% w/w.
Syrup of ipecac
Syrup of ipecac, an emetic once kept in homes to induce vomiting after poison ingestion, causes vomiting within 20-30 minutes but shows no proven benefit, may reduce activated charcoal effectiveness, and is no longer manufactured or recommended.
SYS6006 (CSPC mRNA COVID-19 vaccine)
SYS6006 (Duentai, 度恩泰) is CSPC Pharmaceutical Group's mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, the first domestically developed mRNA vaccine granted emergency use in China (March 2023), based on prototype spike with BA.5 mutations; bivalent XBB.1.5/BQ.1 follow-up SYS6006.32 got EUA December 2023.
SYSA1801 (EO-3021)
SYSA1801 (EO-3021, CPO102), an anti-Claudin 18.2 MMAE antibody-drug conjugate (DAR 2) developed by CSPC and licensed to Elevation Oncology in 2022; Phase 1 trials in gastric and other CLDN18.2-positive solid tumors; development discontinued March 2025.
Systematic desensitization
Systematic desensitization, or graduated exposure therapy, is a behavioral therapy for phobias in which a relaxed client is gradually exposed to feared situations, from least to most disturbing.
Systematic prostate biopsy
Systematic prostate biopsy is a diagnostic procedure that samples the prostate with a needle at fixed, standardized locations, usually under ultrasound guidance, to detect cancer.
Systemic and biologic treatment of atopic dermatitis
Systemic and biologic treatment of atopic dermatitis is the use of oral or injected immunomodulating drugs, such as dupilumab, JAK inhibitors, and ciclosporin, when topical therapy is insufficient.