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Thyroid nodule
Thyroid nodule: an abnormal lump of thyroid cells within the thyroid gland, found in about half of people by age 60 and over 90% benign; evaluated by ultrasound risk systems (TI-RADS) and fine-needle aspiration.
Thyroid stimulating hormone deficiency
Thyroid stimulating hormone deficiency (ICD-11 5A61.4), also called central hypothyroidism: low TSH or TRH causing secondary/tertiary hypothyroidism, low FT4 with inappropriately normal TSH, treated with levothyroxine.
Thyroid storm
Thyroid storm (thyrotoxic crisis) is life-threatening decompensated thyrotoxicosis, usually in Graves' disease, diagnosed clinically via Burch-Wartofsky and JTA criteria and treated in the ICU with beta-blockers, thionamides, iodide, and steroids.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) is an anterior pituitary glycoprotein hormone that drives thyroid T4/T3 secretion via the TSH receptor; its log-linear feedback makes it the frontline thyroid test, with pregnancy and biotin interference as key caveats.
Thyroidectomy
Thyroidectomy, surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland; types include total, lobectomy, isthmusectomy. Used for thyroid cancer, goiter, Graves' disease; main risks are hypocalcemia and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.
Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid gland, covers Hashimoto's, subacute (de Quervain's), painless, postpartum, drug-induced, radiation-induced, and suppurative forms, with courses ranging from transient thyrotoxicosis-hypothyroidism to permanent hypothyroidism.
Thyroplasty
Thyroplasty is a laryngeal framework surgical procedure, classified by Isshiki in 1974, in which the thyroid cartilage is reshaped or fitted with an implant to improve the voice.
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis is a rare, potentially life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism in which low potassium causes sudden episodes of painless muscle weakness, mainly in Asian men aged 20 to 40.
Thyrotoxicosis
Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism-related excess thyroid hormone state) is excess thyroid hormone action on tissues; Graves disease causes about 80% of cases in iodine-sufficient areas, diagnosed by suppressed TSH, treated with antithyroid drugs, radioiodine, or surgery.
Thyrotoxicosis factitia
Thyrotoxicosis factitia, also called factitious hyperthyroidism, is thyrotoxicosis from ingested exogenous thyroid hormone, usually levothyroxine; suppressed TSH, near-zero radioiodine uptake, and undetectable thyroglobulin distinguish it from Graves' disease and thyroiditis.
Thyrotroph
Thyrotroph (thyrotrope, TSH cell): anterior pituitary cell producing thyroid-stimulating hormone. Rarest pituitary endocrine cell (~5%), Pit-1/GATA2 lineage, stimulated by TRH, suppressed by T3 feedback.
Thyrotropin alfa
Thyrotropin alfa (Thyrogen, rhTSH) is a recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone injected intramuscularly to detect and ablate thyroid remnants after thyroidectomy for well-differentiated thyroid cancer.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), also known as thyrotropin-releasing factor or protirelin, is a hypothalamic tripeptide that stimulates TSH and prolactin release and was first isolated in 1969.
Tianeptine
Tianeptine (Stablon, Coaxil, Tianaa) is an atypical tricyclic antidepressant and mu-opioid receptor agonist, approved in Europe, Asia, and Latin America but unapproved in the US, where it is abused as "gas station heroin" and proposed for Schedule I.
Tianjin Medical University
Tianjin Medical University (天津医科大学), founded 1951 in Tianjin as Tianjin Medical College, is a 211 Project and Double First-Class municipal medical university with 7 university hospitals, 106-country international enrollment, and ARWU 401-500 rank.
Tiaogan Decoction
调肝汤 (Tiaogan Decoction), a seven-herb Qing-dynasty formula from Fu Shan's Fu Qing Zhu Nü Ke for post-menstrual lower abdominal pain from kidney-water deficiency; now studied as add-on therapy in premature ovarian failure and hypomenorrhea.
Tiapride
Tiapride is a substituted benzamide antipsychotic that selectively blocks D2 and D3 dopamine receptors, used mainly for alcohol withdrawal, agitation and aggressiveness, dyskinesias, and tic disorders, marketed in Europe but lacking US FDA approval.
Tiaprofenic acid
Tiaprofenic acid (Surgam, Albert Tiafen) is a propionic acid derivative NSAID (ATC M01AE11) for rheumatic disease and pain, dosed 600 mg daily, distinguished by a cystitis adverse effect and dysmenorrhea efficacy.
Tibb-i Akbari
提比艾克拜尔 (Ṭibb-i Akbarī, طب اکبر) is a 1700–01 Persian Unani medical compendium by Mughal physician Muhammad Akbar Arzani, an expanded adaptation of Kirmani's Sharh al-Asbab, dedicated to Aurangzeb, in 27 head-to-toe chapters, later translated into Urdu, Sindhi, and Uyghur.
Tibetan Traditional Medicine
Tibetan Traditional Medicine, known in Tibetan as Sowa Rigpa, is a codified healing system from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau built on three principles: rLung, Tripa, and Badkan.
Tibia
Tibia (shin bone): the larger, medial of the two leg bones, second longest in the body after the femur. Forms the knee joint with the femur and the ankle joint with the fibula and talus; bears body weight.
Tibial aplasia-ectrodactyly syndrome
Tibial aplasia-ectrodactyly syndrome, also called SHFLD (split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency, OMIM 119100), is a rare autosomal dominant limb malformation combining ectrodactyly with tibial aplasia or hypoplasia, often caused by 17p13.3 BHLHA9 duplications with incomplete penetrance.
Tibial hemimelia-polysyndactyly-triphalangeal thumb syndrome
Tibial hemimelia-polysyndactyly-triphalangeal thumb syndrome (THPTTS, Werner mesomelic syndrome, OMIM 188740) is a rare ZRS-related dysostosis with triphalangeal thumbs, polysyndactyly, and absent or hypoplastic tibiae.
Tibial muscular dystrophy
Tibial muscular dystrophy (TMD, Udd myopathy, distal titinopathy) is an adult-onset autosomal dominant distal myopathy from TTN titin mutations, common in Finland (1/5,000), causing ankle dorsiflexor weakness with spared extensor digitorum brevis and no cardiomyopathy.
Tibial nerve
Tibial nerve: terminal branch of the sciatic nerve (L4–S3) supplying motor and sensory innervation to the posterior leg and plantar foot; passes through the tarsal tunnel, dividing into medial and lateral plantar nerves; tarsal tunnel syndrome is its main entrapment.
Tibial plateau fracture
Tibial plateau fracture, also called proximal tibia articular fracture, is a break of the knee's tibial joint surface, about 1% of all fractures, classified by Schatzker types I-VI and treated operatively or nonoperatively depending on displacement.
Tibialis anterior muscle
Tibialis anterior (tibialis anticus), largest muscle of the leg's anterior compartment; dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot; originates on lateral tibia and interosseous membrane, inserts on medial cuneiform and first metatarsal, innervated by deep fibular nerve (L4, L5).
Tibialis posterior muscle
Tibialis posterior (musculus tibialis posterior), deepest muscle of the leg's deep posterior compartment; originates from tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane, inserts on navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, and metatarsals 2-4; plantarflexes, inverts, and supports the medial arch; tibial nerve L4-L5.
Tibremciclib tartrate capsules
Tibremciclib tartrate capsules (泰瑞西利, BPI-16350, brand name Kangmeina) are an oral CDK4/6 inhibitor developed by Betta Pharmaceuticals of Hangzhou, approved in China in 2025 for advanced breast cancer.
Tic
Tic is a sudden, rapid, recurrent movement or sound that people may suppress. It defines childhood neurodevelopmental conditions including Tourette syndrome and provisional tic disorder.