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Axial skeleton
Axial skeleton: the 80 central bones of the adult human skeleton (skull, hyoid, ear ossicles, vertebral column, ribs, sternum), distinct from the 126-bone appendicular skeleton of the limbs and girdles.
Axial spondyloarthritis
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), also called radiographic axSpA or ankylosing spondylitis, is a chronic HLA-B27-associated inflammatory disease of the sacroiliac joints and spine, with non-radiographic forms, MRI-based diagnosis, and NSAID and biologic treatment.
Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia
Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (OMIM 602271), also axial SMD, a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia first described by Ehara in 1997, with proximal femoral metaphyseal irregularity, thoracic hypoplasia, and retinal degeneration; CFAP410- and NEK1-related forms exist.
Axillary artery
Axillary artery: continuation of the subclavian artery from the first rib's outer border to the lower border of teres major, where it becomes the brachial artery; divided by pectoralis minor into three parts with six classic branches, highly variable in branching.
Axillary brachial plexus block
The axillary brachial plexus block, or axillary block, is a regional anesthesia technique that numbs the forearm, wrist, and hand for surgery via injection in the armpit.
Axillary hyperhidrosis
Axillary hyperhidrosis is excessive underarm sweating from sympathetic overstimulation of eccrine glands, affecting roughly 1–3% of people. Treatments span aluminum chloride, botulinum toxin injections, microwave thermolysis, and sympathectomy.
Axillary lymph node dissection
Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), also called axillary dissection or axillary lymphadenectomy, is an operation that removes lymph nodes from the armpit to stage and treat breast cancer.
Axillary lymph nodes
Axillary lymph nodes: 20–30 nodes in the armpit in five groups (pectoral, lateral, central, subscapular, apical) draining the upper limb and breast; central to breast cancer staging and sentinel node biopsy.
Axillary nerve
Axillary nerve (circumflex nerve): C5-C6 branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus supplying deltoid and teres minor; passes through the quadrangular space; injuries cause shoulder abduction weakness.
Axillary reverse mapping
Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) is a surgical technique that traces arm lymphatic drainage during breast cancer axillary surgery so arm lymphatics can be preserved and lymphedema reduced.
Axillofemoral Bypass Grafting
Axillofemoral bypass grafting (AxFB, AXFBG) is an extra-anatomic vascular procedure tunneling a prosthetic graft from the axillary artery to the femoral arteries, first reported by Blaisdell and Hall in 1963, used for high-risk aortoiliac occlusive disease and aortic graft infection.
Axis (anatomy)
Axis (C2, epistropheus): the second cervical vertebra, an atypical neck bone whose dens (odontoid process) is the pivot for head rotation and the main weight-bearing bone of the upper cervical spine.
Axitinib and pembrolizumab regimen
The axitinib and pembrolizumab regimen pairs an oral targeted drug with an intravenous immunotherapy drug, approved in the US in 2019 as first-line treatment for advanced kidney cancer.
Axon
Axon: the single output fiber of a neuron, carrying action potentials from the axon hillock to synaptic terminals; often myelinated with nodes of Ranvier; described by Cajal, who identified the growth cone (1890) and dynamic polarization (1891).
Axon guidance
Axon guidance: how growing axons navigate to targets via growth cone receptors reading attractive and repulsive cues (netrins, Slits, semaphorins, ephrins), Rho GTPase signaling, and roles in disease and regeneration.
Axon terminal
Axon terminal (presynaptic terminal, terminal bouton): swelling on an axon that releases neurotransmitter via calcium-triggered vesicle fusion at active zones; forms terminal or en passant synapses.
Ayahuasca
Ayahuasca (yagé, natema) is an Amazonian psychoactive brew of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis; β-carboline MAO-A inhibition makes orally ingested DMT active, producing a 4-6 hour experience, with legal status varying by country.
Ayds
Ayds, sold as Ayds Reducing Plan Candy, was an American chewy caramel appetite suppressant marketed for weight loss from the 1940s, collapsing after 1981 when its name became indistinguishable from AIDS.
Aymé-Gripp syndrome
Aymé-Gripp syndrome, also known as Fine-Lubinsky syndrome, is an extremely rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by MAF gene variants, marked by cataracts, hearing loss, and developmental delay.
Ayurveda
Ayurveda (Āyurveda), the traditional Indian system of medicine based on balancing body, mind, and spirit through the three doshas, diet, and herbal preparations; limited clinical evidence, heavy-metal safety concerns, and WHO integration via ICD-11 and the 2025–2034 strategy.
Ayurveda sangraha
Ayurveda sangraha chiefly denotes the Ashtanga Sangraha (Aṣṭāṅgasaṅgraha), Vagbhata's classical Sanskrit Ayurvedic compendium of the eight branches, one of the Brihat Trayi, with 150 chapters; also a distinct 1882 Kannada manuscript.
Ayurvedasara sangraha
Ayurvedasara Sangraha (Āyurvedasāra-saṅgraha) is a Bombay-published collection of Ayurvedic medical works, Sanskrit texts with Gujarati translations, begun around 1885; a source for Pravāla Piṣṭī, Pushyanuga churna, and 25 Arkas.
AYUSH Bal Rasayana
AYUSH Bal Rasayana (Bal Rasayan) is a CCRAS-developed herbo-mineral Ayurvedic formulation for general immunity and health promotion in children, patented (No. 196916) via NRDC and technology-transferred to industry.
AYUSH Ghutti
AYUSH Ghutti: CCRAS Ayurvedic pediatric formulation (Patent 193336, NRDC) to prevent diarrhoea and fever in children; seven ingredients, dose 1-3 ml twice daily; technology transferred to industry.
AYUSH Nutri granules
AYUSH Nutri granules are a CCRAS coded Ayurvedic nutritional supplement still in development, distinct from Ayush-SS granules for lactation; project IPC0026 at CARI Jhansi covers standardization, stability, and computational metabolite study.
AYUSH Osto tablet
AYUSH Osto is a CCRAS coded Ayurvedic tablet for Asthikshaya (osteopenia/osteoporosis), supported by animal toxicity studies and ongoing Phase 3 and bone-turnover clinical trials in postmenopausal Indian women.
AYUSH Poshak Yoga
AYUSH Poshak Yoga is a CCRAS (Ministry of Ayush, India) Ayurvedic nutritional supplement for immunomodulatory, anti-stress, and general health promotion, made from nuts, seeds, ashwagandha, guduchi, and spices; ready for technology transfer.
AYUSH Rasayana A
Ayush Rasayana A is a CCRAS-coded Ayurvedic laxative-phase formulation (Haritaki, Sanaya, Yashtimadhu, rock salt) given 10 g daily for 6 days before Ayush Rasayana B in geriatric health trials.
AYUSH Rasayana B
Ayush Rasayana B is a CCRAS-coded Ayurvedic capsule (Amalaki, Asvagandha, Gudūcī; 375 mg) for elderly quality of life, given 84 days after Ayush Rasayana A cleansing, tested in trials up to 720 participants.
AYUSH-56
AYUSH-56 is a CCRAS coded Ayurvedic anti-epileptic drug for epilepsy (Apasmara), made from Marsilea minuta and Nardostachys jatamansi, patented 1976 (No. 141170), studied in 273 subjects with 65% fit reduction, and technology-transferred via NRDC.