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Vitreoretinal Surgery
Vitreoretinal surgery is the branch of ophthalmology treating retina and vitreous diseases, established as a subspecialty after Robert Machemer's first pars plana vitrectomy in 1970.
Vitreous body
Vitreous body (vitreous humor, corpus vitreum): transparent gel filling the eye between lens and retina, about 80% of ocular volume, 98-99.7% water with type II collagen and hyaluronan; develops in three phases and liquefies with age.
Vitreous haemorrhage
Vitreous hemorrhage is bleeding into the vitreous cavity of the eye, causing sudden painless vision loss; common causes include diabetic retinopathy, posterior vitreous detachment, and trauma.
Vitreous prolapse
Vitreous prolapse (ICD-10 H43.0, ICD-11 9B82), also called vitreous loss, is forward displacement of vitreous gel into the anterior segment, usually after posterior capsule rupture in cataract surgery or delayed after YAG capsulotomy.
Vivek Agarwal
Vivek Agarwal is an Indian-born American instrumentation and controls researcher at Idaho National Laboratory who received the PECASE award for developing wireless, non-intrusive sensors that measure conditions inside nuclear reactors.
Vivek Murthy
Vivek Hallegere Murthy, American physician, 19th and 21st US Surgeon General (2014-2017, 2021-2025) under Obama and Biden; known for advisories on loneliness, youth social media harms, and the opioid epidemic.
Vivien Thomas
Vivien Thomas (1910–1985) was an American surgical technician at Vanderbilt and Johns Hopkins who, without a medical degree, developed the Blalock–Taussig–Thomas shunt for blue baby syndrome, first performed in 1944.
Vivotif
Vivotif (Typhoid Vaccine Live Oral Ty21a) is a live attenuated oral typhoid vaccine for people over 6 years, four capsules every other day, booster every 5 years, made from the galE-mutant Ty21a Salmonella Typhi strain.
Vixotrigine
Vixotrigine (BIIB074, CNV1014802, formerly raxatrigine) is an investigational voltage- and use-dependent sodium channel blocker for neuropathic pain, developed by Biogen/Convergence; phase 2 trials in trigeminal neuralgia and small fibre neuropathy gave mixed results.
Vladimir Demikhov (Владимир Петрович Демихов)
Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov (Владимир Петрович Демихов, 1916–1998), Soviet experimental surgeon, pioneer of organ transplantology; first intrathoracic heart, lung, and heart-lung transplants in dogs, first mechanical heart, and the two-headed dog experiments.
Vladimir Zelenko
Vladimir "Zev" Zelenko (1973–2022), American family physician from Kiryas Joel, New York, creator of the Zelenko protocol (hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, zinc) for early outpatient COVID-19; trials found no benefit; later anti-vaccine activist; died of cancer at 48.
VLDL study
VLDL study (Very Large Database of Lipids, NCT01698489): Johns Hopkins observational big-data project using VAP ultracentrifugation lipid profiles from millions of US patients to scrutinize Friedewald LDL-C estimation and develop the Martin/Hopkins method.
VNOTES-LS-FSFI trial
VNOTES-LS-FSFI (NCT07637201) is a completed randomized trial at Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, comparing V-NOTES with laparoscopy for tubal ligation or salpingectomy sterilization in 108 women, using FSFI sexual function scores and recovery outcomes.
VNTWINC trial
VNTWINC (NCT07372495, NHOG-VN.TWIN CERCLAGE) is a Vietnamese multicenter randomized trial comparing cervical cerclage plus vaginal progesterone 400 mg versus progesterone alone in twin pregnancies with cervical length ≤30 mm, targeting preterm birth under 28 weeks.
VO2 max
VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake, V̇O2max) is the maximum oxygen use rate during large-muscle exercise, in mL/kg/min; introduced by Hill and Lupton in 1923, measured by CPET with indirect calorimetry, and estimated imperfectly by consumer wearables.
Vocal cord and pharyngeal distal myopathy
Vocal cord and pharyngeal distal myopathy, or Miehlke syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant muscle disease causing hand and foot weakness with voice and swallowing problems.
Vocal cord paresis
Vocal cord paresis, or vocal fold paresis, is partial weakness of a vocal fold from incomplete laryngeal nerve denervation, between normal function and full paralysis; it causes glottic insufficiency, breathy voice, and is diagnosed with laryngoscopy plus laryngeal EMG.
Vocal cords
Vocal cords, commonly known as vocal folds, are muscularized tissue in the larynx. They vibrate with lung air to produce sound and protect the airway during swallowing.
Vocational Rehabilitation
Vocational rehabilitation (VR): services helping people with disabilities prepare for, gain, and keep employment. Began with the 1918 Soldiers Rehabilitation Act; US state-federal program since 1920; includes IPS supported employment and VA Chapter 31.
Voclosporin
Voclosporin (Lupkynis) is a calcineurin inhibitor analog of cyclosporine approved in 2021 for active lupus nephritis in adults with mycophenolate mofetil and steroids; fixed 23.7 mg twice-daily dosing without drug monitoring, proven in AURORA 1.
Vodobatinib
Vodobatinib, code named K0706, is an oral, brain-penetrant c-Abl kinase inhibitor developed by India's Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company for refractory chronic myeloid leukemia, showing major responses in 70% of chronic-phase trial patients.
Voglibose
Voglibose (Basen, A-71100, AO-128) is a valiolamine-derived alpha-glucosidase inhibitor for postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes; discovered in Japan in 1981, launched 1994 by Takeda, dosed 0.2 mg three times daily, not FDA-approved in the USA.
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (フォークト・小柳・原田症候群), also called VKH disease or uveomeningoencephalitic syndrome, is a bilateral granulomatous autoimmune panuveitis targeting melanocyte-rich tissues, with HLA-DRB1*0405 association, staged course, and corticosteroid plus immunomodulatory treatment.
Voice disturbances
Voice disturbances (ICD-11 MA82) are abnormal voice production signs: dysphonia, aphonia, hypernasality, hyponasality. Organic, or functional causes; no internationally agreed classification framework; laryngoscopy for hoarseness over two weeks.
Voice Training
Voice training: techniques for using the voice with minimal muscle effort (MeSH); behavioral voice therapy by speech-language pathologists for dysphonia, prevention, and gender-affirming voice modification.
Voiding cystourethrography
Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is a fluoroscopic X-ray exam in which iodinated contrast fills the bladder to detect vesicoureteral reflux, chiefly in children, and remains the gold standard.
Volanesorsen
Volanesorsen (ISIS 304801, Waylivra) is a 2'-MOE antisense oligonucleotide against apoC-III mRNA, EU-approved conditionally in 2019 for familial chylomicronaemia syndrome; not FDA-approved, with thrombocytopenia and injection site reactions as main risks.
Volasertib
Volasertib (BI 6727), an intravenous dihydropteridinone Plk1 inhibitor from Boehringer Ingelheim for AML and solid tumors; reached phase 3 but development was discontinued after its pivotal trial missed survival benefit.
Volinanserin
Volinanserin (MDL 100907, M100907) is a discontinued, highly selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist developed by Hoechst Marion Roussel for schizophrenia and later insomnia; now a research tool and PET radiotracer basis.
Vollum Institute
The Vollum Institute, founded in 1987 and named for philanthropists Howard and Jean Vollum, is a privately endowed neuroscience research institute at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon.