Olive, coffee, and borage families

Echium

Echium, borage family genus of 68 species native to Macaronesia, Europe, and North Africa; known for Canary Island adaptive radiation, insular woodiness, giant rosette trees like E. wildpretii, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid defenses.

Echium vulgare

Echium vulgare, viper's bugloss or blueweed, is a Eurasian Boraginaceae biennial with violet-blue flowers, pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity to livestock, and noxious-weed status in parts of North America and Australia.

Fittonia albivenis

Fittonia albivenis, the nerve plant or mosaic plant (syn. Fittonia verschaffeltii), is a South American rainforest Acanthaceae herb grown as a pet-safe houseplant with white, pink, or red leaf veins.

Forsythia suspensa

Forsythia suspensa (连翘), weeping forsythia, Oleaceae shrub native to China; golden spring flowers on pendulous hollow-pith branches; source of TCM drug Forsythiae Fructus (lianqiao); parent of Forsythia × intermedia.

Fraxinus

Fraxinus (ash), genus of about 43 Oleaceae tree species of the Northern Hemisphere with pinnate leaves and winged samara fruits; threatened by ash dieback and emerald ash borer, valued for elastic timber.

Fraxinus americana

Fraxinus americana, white ash or American white ash, is an eastern North American hardwood tree prized for shock-resistant timber used in baseball bats and tool handles; now critically endangered from emerald ash borer.

Fraxinus excelsior

Fraxinus excelsior, common or European ash, a large European deciduous timber tree in Oleaceae, native Europe to Iran, IUCN Near Threatened due to ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) and threatened by emerald ash borer.

Fraxinus ornus

Fraxinus ornus (manna ash, flowering ash) is a Mediterranean deciduous ash tree grown in Sicily and Calabria for manna, a mannitol-rich sweet bark exudate used as a mild laxative; IUCN Least Concern.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, green ash (also red ash), a dioecious North American ash tree of floodplains and urban plantings, 50-70 ft tall, now Critically Endangered from emerald ash borer.

Galium

Galium (bedstraws, cleavers) is a cosmopolitan genus of about 500-670 species of Rubiaceae herbs with whorled leaves, four-angled stems, small four-merous flowers, and two-lobed fruits; type species G. aparine.

Galium aparine

Galium aparine, cleavers or catchweed bedstraw (stickywilly), is a hooked-hair annual climbing herb of Rubiaceae, a widespread temperate weed of crops and gardens with bur-like fruits, edible and folk-medicinal uses, and invasive status in Argentina.

Galium mollugo

Galium mollugo (smooth bedstraw, hedge bedstraw, false baby's breath), a perennial Rubiaceae herb native to Europe to Siberia and North Africa, invasive in North American hayfields and pastures, regulated as a Canadian Secondary Noxious weed seed.

Galium odoratum

Galium odoratum (sweet woodruff, Waldmeister), a Rubiaceae perennial of temperate Eurasia, is a shade ground cover with whorled leaves and coumarin-scented dried foliage used to flavor German May wine.

Galium verum

Galium verum (lady's bedstraw), perennial Rubiaceae herb of temperate Eurasia and NW Africa; type species of Galium, golden-yellow flowers, whorled leaves, traditional dye, milk-coagulation, and diuretic uses.

Gesneriaceae

Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a largely tropical Lamiales family of about 150 genera and over 3500 species, defined by pair-flowered cymes; includes African violet, gloxinia, and Streptocarpus.

Heliotropium arborescens

Heliotropium arborescens, garden heliotrope or cherry pie plant (syn. H. peruvianum), is a Boraginaceae subshrub native to Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru, grown for vanilla-scented purple flowers; toxic via pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Houstonia caerulea

Houstonia caerulea, the azure bluet or Quaker ladies, is a small wildflower of the madder family native to eastern North America, with pale blue, four-lobed spring flowers.

Hydrophyllaceae

Hydrophyllaceae R.Br., the waterleaf family, is a Boraginales family of about 12 genera and 250 species centered in western North America; APG IV merges it into Boraginaceae, while Luebert et al. 2016 recognize it.

Icacinaceae

Icacinaceae Miers (1851), a pantropical family of woody flowering plants in Icacinales; trees, shrubs, and lianas with unilocular ovaries and two pendulous ovules, split from a polyphyletic circumscription into Icacinaceae s.s., Stemonuraceae, Cardiopteridaceae, and Pennantiaceae.

Ixora

Ixora is a pantropical genus of about 545 Rubiaceae shrubs and small trees, also called flame of the woods or jungle geranium (I. coccinea), known for showy 4-merous tuberous flower clusters, ornamental hedges, and Ayurvedic medicinal use.

Jasmine

Jasminum, the jasmine genus, is a group of about 200 accepted Oleaceae shrubs and vines native to the Old World tropics, with fragrant white or yellow tubular flowers, including cultivated species like J. sambac.

Jasminum officinale

Jasminum officinale, common or poet's jasmine (su fang hua), a scrambling Oleaceae shrub native from Transcaucasus to south-central China, long cultivated for fragrant flowers used in perfume, medicine, and food.

Jasminum sambac

Jasminum sambac, Arabian jasmine or sampaguita, is a South Asian Oleaceae shrub used for jasmine tea, perfume, and religious garlands; national flower of the Philippines and Indonesia.

Kigelia

Kigelia (sausage tree, Kigelia africana, worsboom, muratina) is a monotypic African Bignoniaceae genus with large toxic sausage fruits up to 90 cm, bat-pollinated night flowers, and about 150 characterized phytochemicals used in African traditional medicine and skin products.

Lantana camara

Lantana camara, also known as West Indian lantana, is a flowering shrub native to tropical America and one of the world's most widely distributed invasive weeds.

Lentibulariaceae

Lentibulariaceae, the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae Rich., 1808), is the largest carnivorous plant family in Lamiales, with three genera: Pinguicula (flypaper traps), Genlisea (eel traps), and Utricularia (suction bladders).

Ligustrum lucidum

Ligustrum lucidum, known as glossy privet, is an evergreen tree in the olive family native to China; its ripe fruits are used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Ligustrum vulgare

Ligustrum vulgare (European, common, or wild privet), Oleaceae shrub native from NW Africa and Europe to NW Iran, long grown for hedges; invasive in parts of North America, less damaging than Chinese privet.

Linaria vulgaris

Linaria vulgaris (yellow toadflax, butter-and-eggs, common toadflax) is a Eurasian perennial plantain with yellow spurred snapdragon-like flowers, invasive in North America via seeds and root buds, noxious in 10 U.S. states.