Malpighiales

Passiflora caerulea

Passiflora caerulea, blue passion flower or bluecrown passionflower, is a hardy South American passion vine climber with white flowers and blue-purple coronas, orange ornamental fruit, and wide use in hybrids and as rootstock.

Passiflora incarnata

Passiflora incarnata (purple passionflower, maypop) is a Passifloraceae vine native to central and eastern USA and Bermuda, used traditionally as a sedative; EU-registered for mild stress and sleep, with limited clinical evidence.

Pentadesma butyracea

Pentadesma butyracea (butter tree, tallow tree) is a West and Central African Clusiaceae tree up to 35 m whose seeds yield an edible butter rich in oleic and stearic acids, used in food, cosmetics, and traditional medicine.

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthaceae Martinov, the leaf-flower family, is a pantropical family of about 60 genera and 2,000 species in Malpighiales, segregated from Euphorbiaceae sensu lato since APG II (2003), with two ovules per locule, no latex, and Phyllanthus as its largest genus.

Phyllanthus amarus

Phyllanthus amarus (Bhumyamalaki, stone breaker) is a pantropical annual herb, native to the Americas, used in Ayurveda for liver disorders; marker lignans phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin; often confused with P. niruri; Cochrane finds no convincing HBV benefit.

Phyllanthus emblica

Phyllanthus emblica (syn. Emblica officinalis), Indian gooseberry or amla, an Asian Phyllanthaceae tree whose vitamin C-rich fruit is used in Ayurveda and shows lipid-lowering effects in randomized trials.

Plukenetia

Plukenetia (sacha inchi, Inca peanut) is a pantropical genus of 25 liana and vine species in Euphorbiaceae, defined by 4-carpellate fruits and basilaminar nectaries; P. volubilis seeds yield omega-3-rich oil.

Plukenetia volubilis

Plukenetia volubilis, or sacha inchi, Inca peanut, maní estrella: a Euphorbiaceae climbing shrub native to South Tropical America, grown for seeds rich in omega-3 oil and protein.

Poinsettia

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima, cuetlaxochitl, flor de Nochebuena), a Mexican shrub grown for red winter bracts; introduced to the U.S. by Joel Poinsett in 1828; short-day flowering; low toxicity.

Populus

Populus (poplars, aspens, cottonwoods) is a genus of about 61 accepted species of fast-growing dioecious trees in Salicaceae, native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere; major sources of pulp, plywood, and phytoremediation, and the model tree genus for genomics.

Populus alba

Populus alba (white poplar, abele, silver-leaf poplar) is a Salicaceae tree native from Central and Southern Europe to Xinjiang and the West Himalaya, with white-woolly leaf undersides, riparian habitat, timber and medicinal uses, and model status in drought stress research.

Populus balsamifera

Populus balsamifera, balsam poplar or tacamahac, is the northernmost American hardwood, a fast-growing Salicaceae floodplain tree from Newfoundland to Alaska, used for pulp and construction and hybridizing with P. trichocarpa.

Populus deltoides

Populus deltoides, eastern cottonwood (also plains cottonwood, necklace poplar), a fast-growing Salicaceae tree of North American floodplains; dioecious, millions of wind- and water-dispersed seeds, three subspecies, IUCN Least Concern.

Populus euphratica

Populus euphratica (胡杨), Euphrates or desert poplar, Salicaceae tree from North Africa to Mongolia; relict salt- and drought-tolerant riparian species, IUCN Least Concern, key to arid-land restoration.

Populus nigra

Populus nigra, the black poplar (Lombardy poplar is its cv. Italica), is a dioecious European riparian tree, a floodplain keystone species, threatened by habitat loss and hybrid introgression; Britain's native subsp. betulifolia has about 7,000 trees.

Populus tomentosa

Populus tomentosa (毛白杨), commonly the Chinese white poplar, is a deciduous tree of the willow family native to China and widely planted in the north for timber and pulp.

Populus tremula

Populus tremula, European or common aspen (Salicaceae), a temperate Eurasian and North African dioecious tree whose flattened leaf petioles make its leaves tremble; wind-dispersed fluffy seeds, wood for pulp and construction, IUCN Least Concern.

Populus tremuloides

Populus tremuloides, quaking or trembling aspen, is North America's most widespread tree, a clonal Salicaceae species regenerating by root suckers, with flattened petioles causing leaf quaking and aspen stands acting as natural firebreaks.

Populus trichocarpa

Populus trichocarpa, black cottonwood or western balsam poplar, is the largest western North American hardwood and the first tree genome sequenced (2006, ~500 Mb, 19 chromosomes), a riparian model tree and biofuel crop.

Pussy willow

Pussy willow (Salix discolor, American pussy willow) is a North American willow shrub of wetlands, known for silky catkins opening before leaves in early spring; dioecious, a major early bee forage, and often confused with Eurasian Salix caprea.

Rafflesia

Rafflesia, the corpse flower genus (Rafflesiaceae), is a Southeast Asian holoparasite on Tetrastigma vines with no leaves, stems, or roots; R. arnoldii bears the world's largest single flower, up to 1 m and 7 kg, smelling of rotting meat.

Rafflesia arnoldii

Rafflesia arnoldii (corpse flower, padma raksasa) is a holoparasitic Sumatran and Bornean plant on Tetrastigma vines, producing the world's largest single flower, up to 1 m across, smelling of rotting meat and pollinated by carrion flies.

Rhizophora apiculata

Rhizophora apiculata (kongkang) is an Indo-West Pacific mangrove tree of Rhizophoraceae, dominant on estuarine mud from South Asia to Queensland, parent of two hybrids, used for charcoal and wood, IUCN Least Concern.

Rhizophora mangle

Rhizophora mangle, the red mangrove, is a viviparous stilt-rooted evergreen tree of tropical intertidal coasts of America and West Africa, tolerating 0-90 ppt salinity, IUCN Least Concern, invasive in Hawaii and Queensland.

Rhizophora mucronata

Rhizophora mucronata, Asiatic or loop-root mangrove (Rhizophoraceae), is a viviparous Indo-Pacific mangrove tree to 25 m with stilt roots and pointed leaves; bark yields tannin, parts serve traditional medicine, and it is IUCN Least Concern.

Rhizophoraceae

Rhizophoraceae, the red mangrove family, is a mainly Old World tropical family of 15–16 genera and about 145 species in Malpighiales, including about half of the world's true mangrove species.

Ricinus

Ricinus, castor bean or castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.), sole species of its Euphorbiaceae genus, native to NE tropical Africa, domesticated ~3200 years ago; seeds yield ricinoleic-acid-rich castor oil and the toxin ricin.

Salicaceae

Salicaceae, the willow family (Salix, Populus), is a family of about 54 genera and over 1,400 species of trees and shrubs in the order Malpighiales, expanded from two genera to include former Flacourtiaceae, with major timber and environmental uses.

Salix × fragilis

Salix × fragilis (crack willow, brittle willow) is a hybrid willow, S. alba × S. euxina, native to Türkiye and naturalized worldwide; a 2009 redefinition and 2022 challenge surround its name.