Other flowering plants

Rumex obtusifolius

Rumex obtusifolius, broad-leaved dock or bitter dock, a perennial Polygonaceae weed native to Europe to Central Siberia and Iran, invasive in pastures worldwide; up to 60,000 seeds yearly, oxalic acid, controlled via Pyropteron biocontrol.

Ruta

Ruta (rue) is a genus of about 12 aromatic Rutaceae herbs native to Macaronesia and the Mediterranean, best known for Ruta graveolens, a medicinal herb with furanocoumarin-related phototoxicity.

Ruta graveolens

Ruta graveolens, common rue, is an aromatic Rutaceae subshrub native from the N. Balkan Peninsula to Crimea, cultivated as a medicinal herb; furanocoumarins make it phototoxic and abortifacient.

Rutaceae

Rutaceae, the rue or citrus family (Rutaceae Juss., 1789), is a Sapindales family of 161 genera and 2,070 species of aromatic trees, shrubs and lianas with pellucid oil glands, including Citrus, Pilocarpus, and Zanthoxylum.

Sabatia

Sabatia Adans. (rose gentian, marsh-pink) is a genus of 21 Gentianaceae herb species native from southeastern Canada to Mexico and the Caribbean, named for Italian botanist Liberato Sabbati, published 1763.

Safflower

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), also called false saffron, is a thistle-like annual of the daisy family grown for its edible oil and historically for its red and yellow dyes.

Sage

Sage (Salvia, Lamiaceae), a genus of about 1,000 aromatic mint-family species worldwide, known for lever pollination, culinary garden sage (Salvia officinalis), chia, and controversial polyphyletic taxonomy.

Sagina (organism)

Sagina (pearlwort), a genus of small Caryophyllaceae herbs named by Linnaeus in 1753, type S. procumbens; about 30-37 species, mainly north-temperate and arctic; includes horticultural Irish/Scotch moss (S. subulata).

Saguaro

Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, O'odham Ha:san), giant columnar cactus of the Sonoran Desert; grows only there, lives 150-175 years, reaches 50 feet, fruits used by Tohono O'odham.

Salicaceae

Salicaceae, the willow family (Salix, Populus), is a family of about 54 genera and over 1,400 species of trees and shrubs in the order Malpighiales, expanded from two genera to include former Flacourtiaceae, with major timber and environmental uses.

Salicornia

Salicornia (glasswort, samphire, sea asparagus) is a genus of about 35 to 64 accepted succulent halophyte species in Amaranthaceae, first published by Linnaeus in 1753, growing on temperate and subtropical coasts and saline inland areas, with optimal growth near 200 mM NaCl and uses as food, biofuel, and phytoremediation crop.

Salix

Salix (willows) is the largest genus of Salicaceae, 475 accepted species of dioecious catkin-bearing trees and shrubs native from subarctic to tropical mountains, source of salicin and willow bark medicine.

Salix × fragilis

Salix × fragilis (crack willow, brittle willow) is a hybrid willow, S. alba × S. euxina, native to Türkiye and naturalized worldwide; a 2009 redefinition and 2022 challenge surround its name.

Salix alba

Salix alba, white willow, is a 25 m Eurasian Salicaceae tree with silky silvery leaf undersides, dioecious catkins, salicin-rich bark used to develop aspirin, and rare hybridization with S. fragilis.

Salix babylonica

Salix babylonica, the weeping willow or Babylon weeping willow, is a Salicaceae tree native to northern and eastern China and Korea, named by Linnaeus in 1753, widely planted as an ornamental and invasive in parts of South Africa, Australia, and Florida.

Salix caprea

Salix caprea (goat willow, pussy willow), a dioecious Eurasian pioneer willow described by Linnaeus in 1753, flowering in early spring; introduced and naturalized in North America and assessed for weed risk in Australia.

Salix herbacea

Salix herbacea (dwarf willow, snowbed willow), a dioecious clonal dwarf willow of subarctic and subalpine Europe and North America, forming mats under 10 cm, common in snowbeds, sensitive to earlier snowmelt.

Salix nigra

Salix nigra (black willow, swamp willow) is the largest and only commercially important North American willow, a fast-growing, short-lived dioecious tree of eastern US, Canadian, and Mexican floodplains, IUCN Least Concern, widely used for streambank stabilization.

Salix purpurea

Salix purpurea (purple willow, purple osier) is a Eurasian and North African willow shrub, 1–6 m, with opposite narrow leaves and fused stamens, cultivated for basketry osiers and salicin-rich bark (4–8%), IUCN Least Concern, diploid 2n=38.

Salix viminalis

Salix viminalis (common osier, basket willow, 吐兰柳), a Linnaean 1753 willow of Salicaceae native from Central Europe to Siberia and Xinjiang, grown for basketry, bioenergy coppice hybrids, and phytoremediation of metals and organic pollutants.

Salsola

Salsola (saltwort, Russian thistle) is a genus of salt-tolerant Amaranthaceae herbs and shrubs, native from Eurasia to Australia and Africa, with C4 photosynthesis, split by molecular phylogeny into several lineages, and including invasive tumbleweeds.

Salsola tragus

Salsola tragus (Russian thistle, tumbleweed, Kali tragus) is an annual Eurasian amaranth introduced to South Dakota in the 1870s that now infests about 41 million hectares of the western United States as a widespread invasive tumbleweed.

Salvadora persica

Salvadora persica, known as Arak or Peelu, is an evergreen shrub or small tree whose twigs are the traditional miswak chewing stick used as a natural toothbrush.

Salvia

Salvia (sages), largest genus of Lamiaceae with roughly 900-1000 species, cosmopolitan herbs and shrubs defined by two stamens forming a pollen-depositing lever mechanism; includes culinary sage Salvia officinalis.

Salvia divinorum

Salvia divinorum (Diviner's Sage, Maria Pastora, Sally-D), a perennial mint native to Oaxaca, Mexico, used by Mazatec shamans; its diterpene salvinorin A is the only known non-alkaloidal hallucinogen and a selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist, producing short-lived dissociative effects; not federally scheduled in the US but banned in many states.