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Rice cake
A rice cake is either a chewy Asian cake such as Korean tteok, Japanese mochi, or Chinese nian gao, or the Western puffed snack marketed as a low-calorie food.
Rice field art
Rice field art (tanbo art, 田んぼアート): images grown in rice paddies by planting colored-leaf rice varieties, originating 1993 in Inakadate Village, Aomori, Japan; perspective-corrected designs viewed from platforms, Gyoda holds the 2.8-hectare world record.
Rice flour
Rice flour, also known as rice powder, is flour ground from milled rice. Prized as gluten-free, hypoallergenic, and bland, it is the most common flour in gluten-free bread.
Rice noodles (米粉)
Rice noodles (米粉, mifen, mixian) are gluten-free noodles made from indica rice flour via gelatinization, molding, and retrogradation. Originating in China, documented from the 6th-century Qi Min Yao Shu, they are a staple of southern China and Southeast Asia.
Rice vermicelli
Rice vermicelli (mifen, bún, bee hoon, sen mee): thin round noodles extruded from gelatinized rice flour, a staple of Chinese and Southeast Asian cuisine; GI 35-62, 341-377 kcal/100 g dry, distinct from Italian wheat vermicelli and glass noodles.
Richardia brasiliensis
Richardia brasiliensis (tropical Mexican clover, Brazil pusley), a prostrate Rubiaceae herb native from Ecuador to northern Argentina, naturalized as a weed of turf, soybean, and corn across Florida, Australia, Asia, and Africa.
Ricinus
Ricinus, castor bean or castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.), sole species of its Euphorbiaceae genus, native to NE tropical Africa, domesticated ~3200 years ago; seeds yield ricinoleic-acid-rich castor oil and the toxin ricin.
Ripening
Ripening, also known as fruit ripening, is the final phase of fruit maturation, a hormonally regulated process of pigment accumulation, softening, and aroma development; climacteric fruits like bananas ripen after harvest, while strawberries do not.
Robinia pseudoacacia
Robinia pseudoacacia, black locust or false acacia, is a fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing North American tree introduced to Europe in the early 17th century, widely planted for durable wood and honey yet ranked among Europe's 100 most invasive alien species.
Rolled oats
Rolled oats are whole oat groats steamed and pressed into flat flakes 0.4–1 mm thick, sold as old-fashioned, quick, or instant oats. Developed by Ferdinand Schumacher in the 1870s, they cook in about 10 minutes and have a GI of 40–69.
Roma tomato
Roma tomato (Solanum lycopersicum 'Roma'), a determinate plum/paste tomato introduced by USDA breeding in the mid-1950s, later sold as Roma VF; believed a Pan American × San Marzano cross, with 2-locule, meaty, low-juice fruit for sauces and canning.
Romaine lettuce
Romaine lettuce (cos lettuce, Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) is an elongated-heading lettuce type from Egypt, higher in nutrients than iceberg, stored near 0°C for about 21 days, and a recurring vehicle for E. coli O157 outbreaks.
Romanesco broccoli
Romanesco broccoli, also called Roman cauliflower, is an Italian Brassica oleracea cultivar from around Rome, noted since the 1500s, with light green cone-shaped florets in logarithmic Fibonacci spirals forming a four-scale fractal pattern, tasting mild and nutty like cauliflower.
Romulea
Romulea (romulea) is a genus of about 90-120 cormous Iridaceae herbs of Africa and the Mediterranean, centered in southern Africa, with two subgenera, high polymorphism, hybridization, and polyploidy.
Root
Root (botany): the plant organ that anchors the plant and absorbs water and minerals. Also called taproot or fibrous root systems; evolved independently in at least two vascular plant lineages in the Early Devonian, c. 410-395 million years ago.
Root culture
Root culture is a plant tissue culture technique in which isolated roots are grown aseptically in nutrient medium, pioneered by Philip R. White with tomato roots in 1934.
Root vegetable
Root vegetable: culinary category of edible underground storage organs, including taproots (carrot, beet), tuberous roots (sweet potato), stem tubers (potato), corms, rhizomes, and bulbs; starchy staple crops central to food security.
Rorippa
Rorippa is a genus of 88 accepted species of often aquatic herbs in the mustard family, known as yellowcresses, first described by Scopoli in 1760.
Rosa × damascena
Rosa × damascena, the damask rose (Kazanluk, trigintipetala), a tetraploid cultivated hybrid rose (R. gallica × R. moschata) grown in Bulgaria, Turkey, Iran, and India for rose oil, rose water, and attar, yielding 0.015–0.048% oil.
Rosa bella
Rosa bella (美蔷薇, mei qiang wei) is a Chinese rose species, Rosaceae, described by Rehder & Wilson in 1915; a 1–3 m shrub of north and east China with pink flowers, red hips, and uses in oils, jam, and medicine.
Rosa canina
Rosa canina, the dog rose or common briar, is a scrambling Rosaceae shrub native from Europe to Central Asia, with vitamin C-rich rose hips, valued in food and herbal medicine, and invasive in Australia and Argentina.
Rosa gallica
Rosa gallica, the French rose or apothecary's rose (Rosa gallica var. officinalis), is a suckering tetraploid shrub native from Europe to the Caucasus and N. Iraq, progenitor of the Gallica garden roses, once-flowering, used in perfumery, medicine, and food.
Rosa multiflora
Rosa multiflora (multiflora rose, Japanese rose, baby rose), a scrambling Rosaceae shrub native to East Asia, introduced to North America as rootstock and living fence, now an invasive thicket-forming pasture weed.
Rosa rugosa
Rosa rugosa (Japanese rose, beach rose) is a hardy suckering shrub rose native to coastal East Asia, grown for fragrant flowers and large vitamin-C-rich hips, and invasive in coastal dunes of Europe and North America.
Rosaceae
Rosaceae (rose family), Rosoideae, Rosales. Cosmopolitan family of ~92 genera and 2,800-5,000 species centered in the north temperate zone, including apples, cherries, plums, strawberries, and roses, widely grown in botanical garden collections.
Rosales
Rosales, the rose order of flowering plants, has nine families, 263 genera, and about 8,010 species including Rosaceae, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae; it belongs to the nitrogen-fixing clade of fabids.
Rose
Rose (genus Rosa, family Rosaceae), also called China rose yuejihua in key lineage Rosa chinensis; Northern Hemisphere genus of about 350 prickly shrub species, five-petaled flowers, hips with achenes, and over 30,000 cultivated garden varieties.
Rose (disambiguation)
Rose (disambiguation): the genus Rosa (flowering plant, ~200-291 species), a female given name and surname of multiple origins, a light crimson color, and derived terms including sub rosa and the rose pangenome.
Rose hip
Rose hip (rose haw, rose hep): the accessory fruit of Rosa, a swollen hypanthium enclosing true achenes. Rich in vitamin C (400–1500 mg/100 g), used in foods, supplements (GOPO, osteoarthritis), and seed oil; differs from true drupes or berries.
Rose of Sharon
Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus, althea, shrub althea) is a hardy Malvaceae shrub native to southern China and Taiwan, national flower of South Korea, blooming July to frost, invasive by self-seeding in some US states.